Homelessness A Global Issue - 826 Words

Homelessness: A Global Issue Homelessness is a prime concern for numerous countries across the globe, including the most advanced ones. Though the population of homeless people tends to be higher in developing countries, it is still a concern in developed nations. Homelessness is a state where someone lacks regular shelter. The term includes people who do not have a home and sleep on the streets, as well as those whose basic nighttime residence is a homeless shelter or other improvised form of housing. Such people lack the capacity to acquire or maintain sufficient nighttime shelter. Individuals and family units become homeless for many reasons. Assessing these causes can help to mitigate the issue. According to a report issued in 2005 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, approximately 100 million individuals are homeless globally (Bywaters, Eileen, and Napier 150). This population has no shelter and must sleep in doorways, on sidewalks, under bridges, in incomplete buildings, and in parks. They also resort to places such as public buildings and bus and railway stations. Night shelters are also significant, as they offer a roof over their heads. The issue of homelessness is extremely pervasive and its causes are varied. At the most basic economic level, poverty and unemployment are core factors that spearhead homelessness. This is because the destitute simply lack the capacity to obtain and maintain shelter. Beyond economic issues, political issues limit peopleShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : A Worldwide Public Health Crisis Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness: A Worldwide Public Health Crisis In the United States, there were approximately 564,708 people who were homeless on a single winter night in 2015 (Housing and Urban Development, 2015). Worldwide, acquiring an accurate picture of homelessness has proven challenging due to varying definitions country to country. Furthermore, data on homelessness has also proven to be extremely sparse in many parts of the world. The last worldwide survey was attempted by the United Nations. Based onRead MoreWhat Can Be Done to Stop Homelessness in America Essay522 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness is across the world some places are better that other but every place on earth has homeless people. This paragraph is going to be why the issue is important how it affects people and what people and you can do to help. This is an issue that is important to me after this I hope you do something to help the homeless. 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Specifically, men are socialized to be more powerful, commanding and assert themselves in the public sphere. While females are socialized to be more docile, reserved, obedient and to consume as little space as possible – both ph ysically and figuratively. This mindset is something that adversely affects the health of women, taking away her autonomy, and subverting herRead MoreEssay on The Causes of Homelessness1301 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem: homelessness. Homelessness in America could be considered a major issue considering that over six hundred thousand people are homeless at any one time. Of those homeless, 46% were individuals not regularly occurring homelessness, 37% were individuals with chronic homelessness, and about 16% were families (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2013). One might ask themselves, â€Å"How does this affect me?† Currently, it might not, however if you look at the statistics, homelessness was not aRead MorePoverty And Poverty1721 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, poverty has become an issue that is growing drastically and more people are starting to succumb to it and are falling below the poverty line. Poverty is like an epidemic that is constantly spreading because it has many causes to it. Poverty is the faceless enemy that exists in today’s society and targets those who are incapable of fighting against it and those who cannot support themselves. It is a never-ending nightmare of living life in hunger, without shelter, being exposed toRead MoreThe City Of Vancouver Is World Renowned For Being A Beautiful1740 Words   |  7 PagesDespite ranking as the third least affordable housing market in the world, Vancouver is home to Canada’s poorest neighbourhood, the Downtown Eastside (DTES). Due to the high costs of living, the city of Vancouver has a large amount of poverty and homelessness. The DTES has high rates of â€Å"drug use, poverty, crime, infectious disease, and mental illness† (Linden, Mar, Werker, Jang, Krausz, 2013, p. 559). There is a large amount of socially neglected and undesirable people living in the marginalized

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concept - 779 Words

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concept When small business owners start the concept of what type of business one would like to own, an array of critical thinking starts and a business owner has to consider questions that will make or break his or her success. Owners, who pay attention to the current rise and fall of stock for his or her chosen business, will have the upper hand against competitors. An owner who knows his or her competitors is a small part in the grand scheme of owning an organization. Owners who give attention to the needs and wants of employees and customers will have a higher rate of profit and a lower rate of employee turnover. Organizations that learns and knows the ends and outs of maintaining a business†¦show more content†¦Knowing these terminologies will help an organization implement policies that will help everyone to know what to do, how to treat each other, and what the boundaries are. Understanding the terms is not the only part but implementing these terms in organizations can make a big difference on how employees treat each other. Communication is the transfer and the understanding of information. Diversity is the different ages, races, gender, sexual orientation, and physical ability (Robbins Judge, 2009). These two terms play important roles with each other and within organizations. An organization who has a diverse culture can arrive at aspects, suggestions, and ideas from all different individuals in the organization. This can create a steady communication between employers and employees of all different types as well as keeping communication with existing and prospective customers. Business ethics is the everyday moral or ethical norms to business as stated by De George (2010). When an organization puts a set of rules or beliefs for everyone to follow every day, this is what helps the business to run smoothly. When a change happens, which can be a new policy or new rules, an organization has to learn and be willing to accept change, and this is a rough definition of change management. Within the health care system a series of codes is used to give names to illness, injuries, and condition. The old version of ICD-90CM or the International Classification ofShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts751 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizations have been described as groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. This definition clearly indicates that organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizatio nal behavior (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. 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This essay will describe some of the more common key concepts and terminology and relate those to the modern United States Navy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An organization is, simply, a body of people organized for some specific purpose† (communication, 2005)Read MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology And Concepts Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts There are many important factors that are involved and contribute to organizations survival and success. Organizational behavior, culture, diversity, communication, business ethics and change management are some of the key concepts which are essential as I list and explain below with some examples from past experiences. 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These changes occasionally produce unwanted results which were not expected or planned for. By monitoring organizational behavior unwanted or negative results can be minimized so change can be effective within an organization. Organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, business ethics, and change management are all factorsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay4868 Words   |  20 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Organizational behavior In today’s challenges at work and an organization has become more than just a place where eight hours of a day is spent, but a place where behavior is a major contribution to the success behavior and what it means and the effects on the climate of an organization. of a company. In this paper we will discuss organizational â€Å"Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizations. It is an academic disciplineRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay729 Words   |  3 Pages Organizational Behavior Organizations have been described as groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. This definition clearly indicates that organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behavior (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, thisRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay example612 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizational behavior is defined as the study of human behavior in organizations. Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary body of knowledge with strong ties to the behavioral sciences such as psychology, sociology and anthropology as well as to allied sciences. However, the goal of organizational behavior is to integrate the diverse insights of these other disciplines and apply them to real-world problems and opportunities. The ultimate

Donna Dubinsky free essay sample

Why was Donna so successful during her first 4 years at Apple before the JIT dispute? Dubinsky’s advanced because: (1) her division delivers results, (2) her individual performance is strong, (3) Apple’s environment permits rapid advancement, and (4) her boss helps her. 1. Sales delivered strong results, and Dubinsky was a recognized positive contributor to it. Dubinsky’s group performed well on key metrics including dealer satisfaction,supporting new product launches without delay, and scaling up operations as the Company grew.Her group had no complaints from other Apple divisions about costs, or from dealer customers about inventory availability,demonstrating strong logistics performance. She was playing for a winning team. 2. Dubinsky performed well; her superiors describe her in positive terms focusing on her ability to deliver results. Campbell states that she is gifted with a practical intelligence that can translate vague directives from products and marketing into executable distribution strategies.Everyone in the case compliments her commanding presence, which she uses to convince others she has the authority to act despite lack of formal authority, to get the job done. She maintains good relationships with the dealers and understands their needs a core part of her job that also matches Apple’s first value of Customer Empathy. She was an individual star on a winning team. 3. Apple’s environment enabled her to shine. It was a young company light on formality that underwent frequent reorganizations.Apple could not execute just by pushing â€Å"go† on set processes; instead, it relied on talented professionals like Dubinsky to use initiative to make things work on the fly. Apple’s fast growth, loose organization, and corporate cultureallowed Dubinsky to make decisions â€Å"above her pay grade† and thus demonstrate ability to perform at ever higher levels of responsibility. Apple’s massive growth from 1981 to 1985 (operating revenue increased fivefold) meant that its stars organically accrued major increases in business responsibility; example: Distribution increased deliveries 60% in 1984.She fills the right role on her winning team, at a time when the rising tide was lifting all boats. 4. Dubinsky has a good boss, at least for when times are good. Weaver’s management style of continuous engagement through rewards and challenges strongly matched Dubinsky’s subordinate style. Weaver generously grants Dubinsky chances to achieve visibility to upper-management, rather than hogging or stealing all the credit for the group’s success. Weaver created a safe place for Dubinsky where she felt comfortable taking risks to grow; she considers him a mentor, more like a teacher than a supervisor.In sum, Dubinsky is a top-performing star in a corporate division that delivers strong results, in firm that values individual initiative more than hierarchy and has values that match Dubinsky’s performance, with a boss that actively pushes her advancement. II. In your opinion, did she make any mistakes during that same period (pre-JIT)? Dubinsky made three key mistakes in the period of 1981 to 1984. 1. Declining the position offered by Steve Jobs mayhave been a mistake – the case does not state adequate information to judge.At minimum, she forewent an opportunity to increase her visibility, title and importance. She stayed in an â€Å"overhead† type group, despite recognizing that most of Apple’s focus was on product development and launches, i. e. the two product groups. She alsoimplied that she preferred to be managed by Weaver rather than Jobs, which may have colored Jobs’ later behavior towards her in the JIT dispute. Dubinsky may have known that Jobs was dictatorial, treated his subordinates unfairly, or was about to be fired, in which case she was wise to stay safely with Weaver.She may also have so loved her customer service job that she would not have left for any lateral offer (her interview process presents some evidence of this), in which case she was willing to sacrifice rapid advancement and visibility for a more enjoyable role. But, it is also possible that Dubinsky relied too much on Weaver and was afraid of change, became complacent, and missed a chance to work in a â€Å"sexy† group, advance, and build relationships with other powerful allies. 2. Surprisingly for a Harvard MBA, Dubinsky was cavalier about gathering data to prove she was performing strongly.She believed lack of dealer complaints wasipso facto proof of strong execution. She could not prove that her Distribution system presented fewer dealer complaints than Commodore’s, or had a faster delivery schedule th an IBM’s, or was cheaper and more efficient than Tandy’s. When Jobs later challenged her results, she lacked routine benchmarking to rebut his criticisms. Dubinsky left herself vulnerable to a hypothesis that her measure of success – lack of dealer complaints – was not actually a success, but instead evidence that Apple was bearing too much of the inventory carrying expense in the supplier-dealer relationship.If Dubinsky had gathered comparative data in the ordinary course to measure her performance, she could have forcefully defended herself against Jobs’ JIT attack. 3. Dubinsky demonstrated some lack of initiative. She thought the problem in Apple’s supply chain was inaccurate demand forecasting by the manufacturing groups, but she seems to have made no effort to address that problem. Thus, her warehouses had three years of gluts and troughs, which directly led to Jobs’ JIT argument. This failure contradicts Apple’s value of â€Å"Team Spirit†, which â€Å"encouraged [employees] to interact with all levels of management, sharing ideas and suggestions to improve Apple’s effectiveness and quality of life. † III. Hypothesize why Dubinsky reacted this way to Jobs’ and Coleman’s JIT proposal. 1. Dubinsky thought the JIT proposal would destroy the Company. Her reaction presents mistakes and flaws, but at core there isa substantive business judgment. This is valuable in that Dubinsky notices many flaws and unintended consequences implemented in the proposal. . Professor Jick’s article â€Å"Note on the Recipients of Change† allows us to speculate that a substantial part of Dubinsky’s identity is tied up in her work, and that this change therefore threatens her self-identity. Dubinsky has no outside obligations that would prevent her from quitting; in Jick’s phrasing, she lacks diversified emotional investing. Work is all she has, and it is being taken away. All the ways she measures herself as professionally successful – quality dealer relationships, lack of complaints, etc. ave been questioned or discarded in the JIT process, and her place in the proposed JIT world is undefined and uncertain. She feels like she is unsafe, losing control of her destiny, and powerless. We can further hypothesize that Coleman’s presence exacerbates the situation because she has credentials similar to Dubinsky’s and is vigorously intruding into her space. 3. Dubinsky went through the change process relatively slowly, suggesting a comparative lack of capacity for change. Her earlier refusal Jobs’ employment offer also suggests that she is more than typically resistant to change.The first 7 months of the JIT dispute show Dubinsky in shock (using Jick’s terminology), by denying the change could possibly occur, becoming demotivated and ineffective, missing deadlines, and the like. She finally reaches the â€Å"anger† phase at the Leadership Retreat when she lashes out at Scully and subsequently gives an ultimatum to Campbell. This indicates she still has a way to go till â€Å"adaptation and acceptance. † 4. Dubinsky is averse to proving her arguments through cross-examination, i. e. she dislikes salesmanship. She has a commanding presence, holds tenaciously to her positions, and operates by fiat.We may presume she has the faults of her qualities; she likes to get things done because of who she is rather than by the substance of what she says. This trait becomes particularly glaring in the context of resisting skilled salespeople Jobs and Coleman. Dubinsky disdains Coleman’s sales skills (i. e. at the Leadership Retreat) because she likes to think experience is more important, despite months of contrary evidence in this dispute. 5. Dubinsky incorrectly framed the JIT dispute as being between her and Coleman, when it was actually between her and Jobs.Framing the contest thus was probably more comfortable for her because fighting the Company’s founder was frightening, but it caused her to reach an incorrect conclusion: that her experience would trump Coleman, when it was really Jobs advancing the JIT proposal. 6. We may rationally hypothesize that Dubinsky does not know how to react to her own setbacks and failures, because her career to date has been an unmitigated success. When outmaneuvered by Jobs and Coleman, Dubinsky was not flexible enough to quickly pick herself up off the mat and fight back.Instead, she is left paralyzed by depression and stuck in the same mindset that led to her initial defeat. IV. What do you think would have been a better way for all to handle the situation? Dubinsky bears the greatest fault for this situation, and should have done the following: 1. Taken Jobs’ proposal extremely seriously from the start. The Chairman and founder of the Companywarranted more than a brushoff or assumption that he would just go away in deference to Dubinsky’s reputation. Dubinsky’s reaction of denial and disbelief was counterfactual and presented substantial breathing space for the JIT proposal. . Affirmatively make her case using comparative data. Dubinsky should have already had this data, but since she did not, she should have immediately gotten it. The fact that the JIT proposal did not originate with Dubinsky though she was the distribution manager and competitors like IBM were doing it, is telling. Dubinsky needs data to rationally and carefully examine both the current model and the JIT model to prove which is best. 3. Engage Coleman. The case statesno instance where Dubinsky speaks to Coleman before the task force.Since we have hypothesized that the JIT proposal paralyzed Dubinsky with shock at the magnitude of the change, this reaction is understandable (ignore her and she will fail). However, it reflects underestimating both of the seriousness of Jobs’ criticism and of Coleman’s abilities. Dubinsky’s failure to engage Coleman creates the impression that the JIT proposal is fait accompli, because Coleman is already examining Distribution questions as if Dubinsky’s brief has been transferred to Macintosh, which is what the JIT proposal would do. . Acted to gain allies. Dubinsky should have properly framed the JIT proposal as a contest against Jobs in which she would need to convince allies to support her position. She should not have alienated potential allies by acting churlish in the task force and then reversing herself, by embarrassing Scully at the Leadership Retreat, and embarrassing Campbell by giving him slapdash, unimpressive work to present at the Executive Retreat.Allies were clearly available because the Company was divided into Jobs and anti-Jobs factions, and Jobs was also creating tension and making enemies by criticizing other executives (such as Weaver) and intruding into other people’s jobs (Scully). Jobs:Jobs recruited Scully specifically to organize the Company, but simultaneously undermined him. Putting distribution back under each product group (instead of combined for all products) would undo the corporate structure Scully established when he was hired. The JIT proposal and concomitant pressure clearly shows Jobs dimi nishing Scully.This is a mistake. Jobs should allow Scully to do his job and rationally consider the evidence for the JIT proposal. Diminishing Scully makes the JIT proposal a political football (as at the Executive Retreat). Jobs wants to act on his ideas quickly without prolonged analysis, i. e. he seems to long for â€Å"the good old days† of Apple described in the lease example on page 6. Jobs does not accept that Apple is too big to just do things immediately because he wants too, that Jobs is not the best at all elements of Apple’s business, and that other views in the Company matter now.This is a mistake. If the JIT proposal actually was right, there was no harm in presenting it through the proper channels, rather than attempting to circumvent all the people who might have relevant experience and opinions. If Jobs wanted the JIT proposal so badly, then he should have sold it to Campbell, Weaver, and Dubinsky, rather than trying to eliminate them as obstacles. Jobs also should not have blindsided Weaver and Dubinsky with public criticism; this antagonized the Sales division and created unnecessary enemies for Jobs. It lso paints Jobs as being only interested in the success of Macintosh, and unfairly shifting blame onto other groups to protect his own fief. Coleman: Coleman should have been trying to find the best answer on the JIT proposal rather than just to prove a preconceived conclusion; she is a manager and not a lawyer for the prosecution. Campbell’s group had all the relevant information; Coleman’s failure to engage them ensured that the JIT proposal presented a n incomplete analysis, as evidenced by the many mistakes and contradictions identified by Dubinsky.She could have accomplished her objectives more effectively by engaging Campbell’s group and disarming their objections. Coleman also over-relied on salesmanship to win the proposal argument, as evidenced by her behavior at the Leadership Retreat, at the expense of evidence. She should have focused more energy on making her proposal flawless. Scully: Scully should have structured the Company rationally; his organization was a compromise that pleased no one. Apple II thought it was undervalued. Macintosh disdained the rest of the Company and its values, creating a dysfunctional jousting for position and resources.Separating forecasting from distributionensured that the Sales division lackedauthority over inventory control but was answerable for it anyway. Scully’s organization modelcreated multiple companies that disliked each other, rather than one Apple pushing to a common goal. Scully should have acted forcefully to assert his organizational structure and independence from Jobs. Scully empowered Jobs to push the JIT idea by showing early interest and allowing him to run with it without involving Campbell’s group, even though Scully had personally recruited Campbell and should have shown confidence in him.Scully heard Coleman’s presentation without involving Campbell, acquiescing to Jobs disdain for the Company’s middle managers and for Scully’s organizational structure. This created resentment in Campbell’s group that ultimately exploded in the Leadership Retreat and Dubinsky’s ultimatum. Scully permitting Jobs to behave this way diminished Scully in the eyes of the other executives – they believed that Jobs was running the Company and Scully wastoo weak to oppose him. Scully should not have given Dubinsky an extension to make her proposal in December 1985 and then heard Coleman’s proposal – he seems to have unfairly â€Å"sandbagged† Dubinsky.Campbell: Campbell underestimated the danger that Jobs’ proposal represents. He never fought for his turf, never rebutted Jobs’ criticisms, never insisted that his group take charge of the JIT proposal, did not supervise Dubinsky’s counterproposal to ensure it was the equal of Coleman’s, allowed Dubinsky to request an extension, and acquiesced to Scully’s request that Coleman present the JIT proposal at the Executive Retreat. The case presents a dismal picture of Campbell asleep at the wheel while Jobs usurps his territory, destroys the credibility of his subordinates and division, and nearly eliminates his entire group from the Company.Campbell should have recognized that Jobs’ challenge to his group’s performance was existential, and acted vigorously to counter it. He should have managed Dubinsky properly to ensure that the counterproposal was flawless and overwhelming. Campbell should have acted on his recognition that Dubinsky is weak on selling her ideas, and assumed the role of advancing her ideas to the other senior executives. He should have recognized that the JIT proposal was scary and demotivating to both Weaver and Dubinsky, and worked with them closely to make them feel that had a voice in the process and their opinions mattered (i. . â€Å"change first aid† in Jick’s terminology). Relatedly, he should have strongly defended his people against Jobs’ unfair blindside attack on their performance. Weaver: Weaver becomes a non-entity early in the dispute. He appears to be even more discombobulated by the JIT proposal changes than Dubinsky, and even more paralyzed and less effective. Weaver should not have let Campbell dissuade him from objecting to the JIT proposal to Scully, since that early intervention could have helped properly frame the issue. He should have pushed Campbell to fight for the group, or done it himself.He was responsible for supervising Dubinsky, and should not have let he fail to make the counterproposal in late 1984. V. If you were in Campbell’s position and faced Donna’s ultimatum: A. What are your options? B. Evaluate those options. 1. Let Dubinsky quit. She has failed to persuade the executives that the JIT proposal is wrong and that her division’s performance is sound. She has addressed the CEO in a way that virtually guarantees a future negative relationship. She has not demonstrated effective management by rebutting the JIT proposal with facts and clear argument.Her lackluster presentations have caused Campbell embarrassment, and defending her to Scully will be difficult because he would appear to be endorsing Dubinsky’s public criticism of Scully. Moreover, fighting to endorse Dubinsky’s ultimatum requires disbanding the task force, which would create resentment among all its members for the several months of time that they had wasted on it. However, Dubinsky has a strong record of performance and holds many of the key dealer relationships. Campbell describes Dubinsky as a unique asset, having her quit would be an overall negative to the Company.This situation is amplified by Weaver’s ineffectiveness. Dubinsky’s failure is uncharacteristic, which suggests that it could be overcome through good management and helping her through her own â€Å"acceptance of change† process. Campbell also presumably believes that Dubinsky’s opinion of the JIT issue is correct, or he would not have let her argue for this long. If that is so, and, as Yocam says, the fate of the Company hangs in the balance, then Campbell has little choice but to fight for Dubinsky despite the negative situation. Therefore, Campbell should make an effort to keep Dubinsky and not take her resignation. . Acquiesce to Dubinsky’s demands by approaching Scully with the ultimatum and endorsing Dubinsky’s terms. This could allow him to keep Dubinsky. Further allows him to support Dubinsky’s arguments if he actually believes in them. More importantly, gives Dubinsky a final chance to redeem herself in a sink-or-swim context; if Dubinsky cannot defeat Coleman’s proposal on her own terms and with her full attention, then Coleman is probably right. It is possible that Dubinsky needs this period of examination to move from the â€Å"defensive retreat† phase of change management to the â€Å"acceptance† phase.Also presents an opportunity for Campbell to finally take a stand against the JIT proposal, if he actually believes it is incorrect. The negative of this course is that Campbell must fight to undo the executives’ previous decision to form the task force, in which he personally acquiesced. Disbanding the task force gives the impression that Campbell’s group is a â€Å"sore loser†, i. e. having failed to win their point in the manner dictated by the senior executives, Campbell’s group wishes to change the rules of the game.Taking this course requires Campbell to engage Scully – who approved the task force – in defense of Dubinsky who has just insulted him. It also carries negative organizational consequences, in that it allows Dubinsky to dictate terms to the Company in a context where Dubinsky should not have leverage because the situation arose largely due to her own failures. Scully could just say â€Å"no†, in which case Campbell would have expended credibility for nothing. Because the negatives of this situation are so bad for Campbell, but he still needs to keep Dubinsky, Campbell should attempt a compromise solution. . Attempt a compromise, such as pausing the task force for 45 days to give Dubinsky the time she requests, but not preemptively stating that the task force is disbanded. A compromise position might present a modicum of face-saving for all involved: Dubinsky gets the time she needs without interference, while the Company and Campbell (its supervisor) do not have to immediately acknowledge that the task force is a failure. Dubinsky may work through her change process during those 45 days, let go of some of her anger, and gain back some of her previous effectiveness.If that occurred, it might be possible for Campbell and Dubinsky to win the argument in the task force. The downside is that Dubinsky might reject any compromise. C. How would you act and explain your choice. Campbell really has no good options. Losing Dubinsky and the JIT argument is bad, endorsing Dubinsky against Jobs and Scully is bad, and a compromise might be rejected by either side. That said, the least bad option is to try to force a compromise in which Dubinsky is given the time she says she needs to examine the proposal herself, and hopefully work through her acceptance of change process.Such a compromise presents the minimum amount of conflict, and also gives Campbell time to apply change first aid and to undo his prior poor management of both Dubinsky and Weaver. Campbell would have to work very cautiously to ensure that Jobs does not somehow force the Company to accept the JIT proposal in the interim, as he has been pressuring Scully to do. However, Campbell has the advantage that the senior managers entrusted the task force with the decision, and Campbell is in charge of the task force.This should give him adequate authority and leverage to force a compromise if he can get Dubinsky to agree. Campbell also must wake up and take an active role in the process. He recognizes that Dubinsky is poor at selling her ideas beyond using her presence and reputation, but he has not made any effort to help her do that selling, or to do that role himself as Weaver once did. Distribution is clearly in his brief, but he lets Jobs walk all over his people without a strong defense. Dubinsky’s conduct should serve as a wake-up call to Campbell.Dubinsky’s implied demand that the task force be disbanded is a bridge too far – the task force has spent several months for a large group of Apple’s key resources, and now is important to the credibility of many people in the Company. Campbell’s question to Dubinsky about why she cannot prove her results hits one of the core problems; both Dubinsky and Coleman should have to affirmatively present a case based on evidence, rather than just criticizing each other’s work or relying on her own reputation to carry the argument (a tack that has already failed). But there is no ne ed to tell Dubinsky this now – she would probably quit.Instead, Campbell should just give Dubinsky the time she requests, and gradually move her towards a point where she is capable of presenting ideas that will convince the other members of the task force. Campbell would probably have to gain Scully’s acceptance of pausing the task force, because so much time has been spent on it and there is so much pressure from Jobs. Campbell should use the fact that Jobs has undermined Scully to argue that the process is tainted and needs reevaluation, i. e. he should blame the current problems on Jobs’ circumvention of Scully’s organizational structure.

Penny Press Essay Example

Penny Press Paper Until the early 1800’s, newspapers in England and America were expensive and therefore exclusive to the wealthy and literate minority. On average, newspapers would cost around six cents per issue and were usually sold through subscription only. Readers would have to pay for a years’ worth of newspapers when first signing up for a subscription, and that cost could be a middle-class worker’s week’s wage. Most people could not afford newspapers and therefore could not receive daily news. In 1833, a cheap newspaper was introduced that cost only a penny per paper. The Industrial Revolution had made printing such a cheap paper possible, and the new â€Å"Penny Press† newspaper became an instant hit. No yearly subscription was necessary, and the majority could afford to read the daily news. This made people in both England and America more aware of current events, and also led to a dramatic increase in literacy rates. The accessibility of the Penny Press to the masses is similar to that of today’s internet blogs. Many websites show news for free, making it available for anybody with internet access. Most blogs that present news concentrate on a certain specific topics. For example, a famous blog called Gizmodo shares the latest updates on new technology, whereas celebrity gossip blogs like Perez Hilton show news about famous people. Blogs are often written in colloquial English, as opposed to newspapers like the New York Times, which are very well-written and may be hard to understand for some. The â€Å"Penny Press† newspaper was important because it made news available to the masses, as do blogs today. We will write a custom essay sample on Penny Press specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Penny Press specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Penny Press specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Why Abortion Is Immoral An Argumentative Analysis Essay Example

Why Abortion Is Immoral: An Argumentative Analysis Essay The argument on the immorality of abortion is a long standing philosophical discourse which opens itself to numerous discussions or even attacks. That the pro-choice and anti-abortionists stances stand or fail is based on the strength or weakness of the other’s claim against the other and vice versa. The morality or immorality of abortion, however, leaves an open question which also leaves the partisans reflecting on whether or not there can be a clear and evident claim of its morality or immorality, wrongness or otherwise. Don Marquis’ â€Å"Why Abortion is Immoral†(1989) is an argumentative essay that attempts to dissect the assumptions for and against abortion with the end view of presenting an alternative proposition that generally sets up a discussion that abortion is seriously immoral. This essay seeks to further dissect Marquis’ work and critically analyze his propositions and arguments to present its successes and failures in defending its own thesis. Conversely, this essay does not seek to argue on whether abortion is right or wrong, but rather, seeks to analyze the arguments of Marquis on the immorality of abortion. Although Marquis’ arguments seem generally sound and plausible, it admits of some inconsistencies and weaknesses which this essay seeks to address in the hope of suggesting possible enhancements in his discourse. Marquis’ Propositions and Arguments Marquis’ essay sets out an argument that â€Å"purports to show, as well as any argument in ethics can show, that abortion is, except possibly in rare cases, seriously immoral, that it is in the same moral category as killing an innocent adult human being.†(p. 183). To do this, he sets up analyses of numerous arguments on the wrongness or soundness of abortion. First, he analyzed the standard anti-abortion and pro-choice arguments. Then, he presented arguments on the ethics or morality of killing to establish the wrongness of killing and thereafter derive his justification for the immorality of abortion. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Abortion Is Immoral: An Argumentative Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Abortion Is Immoral: An Argumentative Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Abortion Is Immoral: An Argumentative Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To Marquis, the anti-abortionists’ and the pro-choice’s claims stand on similar strengths and suffers from similar weaknesses. Anti-abortionists argue that life is present from the moment of conception while pro-choice partisans argue that fetuses are not persons. The anti-abortionists stand, according to him tends to be too broad in scope such that even fetuses at the early stage of pregnancy will fall under this category. The pro-choice argument, on the other hand, tends to adapt an argument that is too limited such that fetuses shall not fall under it. In fine, the pro-choice adapts the person account. If even fetus, however, are to be considered persons, it may be problematic to characterize them as such because a ‘person’ typically is defined in terms of psychological characteristics which the fetus do not have as of yet. On the other hand, if fetuses are to be considered human beings, there is a need to identify if it shall be categorized as biologica l or moral. If biological, the challenge is explaining why biological category should make a moral difference if it is moral. If this is the case, then the anti-abortionist cannot use the argument that fetuses are human beings because this morality is what is needed to be proved. Marquis claims, however, that â€Å"a pro-choice strategy that extends the definition of ‘person’ to infants or even to young children seems just as arbitrary as an anti-abortion strategy that extends the definition of a ‘human being’ to fetuses.†   Because of this existing and seemingly irresolvable standoff, Marquis suggested a more theoretical account on the wrongness of killing to resolve the abortion controversy. Marquis presented a number of arguments why killing is wrong. He explained the brutalization concept of killing which makes it wrong, that is, it brutalizes the victim and is focused not on the loss brought to the victim’s friends or relatives. Under this premise, killing is wrong because it inflicts one of the greatest possible losses on the victim—the loss to him of all those activities, projects, experiences and enjoyments which could have otherwise constituted the victim’s future personal life. There, however, should be value on these activities or personal future life. Marquis then resorts to explaining the wrongness in terms of the natural property account. The point of analysis according to him is to establish which natural property ultimately explains the wrongness of killing given that it is wrong. Thus, what makes killing a particular human wrong is what it does to that particular human. Here, he derives the future-like-ours account to state that killing is wrong. Under this account, it is required that there be a perceived future for the being, then a value for that future, and a perceived valuer, otherwise, it defeats the purpose of the argument. The fetus may not be able to value his future or his own life, but some other may value it for him just as in the case of some suicidal youth, or the severely unconscious. He then makes reference to the discontinuation account. Based on this, what makes killing wrong is the discontinuation of the experience of living and the wish for valuable experience to continue. Conversely, continued existence, requires the desire to continue his existence. Absence of this desire to continue leaves another question. The desire account requires that there be a capacity to desire, otherwise, there can be no perceived value of the future (consider mentally ill, or the unconscious who do not have the capacity to desire). The loss of the value of the future of the victim, however, is not supported by the biological category of the wrongness of killing. It also neglects the idea that they may be some other creatures who may also have futures and the question is what it is in their futures that makes it wrong to be taken away. Finally, it discounts the possible future of pain that may be avoided by the severely ill who may opt for active euthanasia instead. To derive his argument that abortion is seriously wrong, he needed to base his argument not on the personhood but on the account that the concept of ‘person’ is used to state the conclusion of the analysis rather than to generate the argument of the analysis. He suggests to state the argument by â€Å"starting the analysis in terms of the value of the human future, conclude that abortion is, except perhaps in rare circumstances, seriously morally wrong, infer that fetuses have the right to life and then call fetuses ‘persons’ as a result of their having the right to life.†(p.192) Despite these accounts for the wrongness of killing, these alternative general accounts still unsuccessfully or inadequately got around the anti-abortion consequences of the value of a future-like-ours argument. Marquis’ suggestion was to limit the scope of the value of a future-like-ours argument by arguing that fetuses lack a property that is essential for the value of a future-like-ours argument to apply to them. He counter argues, however, that his proposition stands because it may not be necessary that it be the fetus who values his life but it may be some other person. Another argument presented is whether or not an embryo or fetus may be victimized. He cites Bassen who says that embryos lack mentation that establishes the reason why fetuses and embryos cannot be victims and therefore cannot be the basis for the wrongness of abortion. Marquis overturns this by noting that Bassen’s examples and discussions eventually lead to deprivation of a value of a future-like-ours and not mentation as the basis of the victimization. Marquis, argues, that in fact, â€Å"embryos can be victims: when their lives are deliberately terminated, they are deprived of their futures of value, their prospects† and this fact makes them victims because it directly wrongs them. Despite his proposition that majority of deliberate abortions are seriously immoral, Marquis does not consider contraception as wrong. To him, nothing at all is denied such a future by contraception because in his analysis, there is in fact no subject of harm. Accordingly, Marquis claim that â€Å"the immorality of contraception is not entailed by the loss of the a future-like-ours argument simply because there is no nonarbitrary identifiable   subject of the loss in the case of contraception.†(p.202) Finally, Marquis was able to propose an alternative generalization on the immorality of abortion. His purpose of setting out an argument for the serious presumptive wrongness of abortion based on the assumption that the moral permissibility of abortion stands or falls on the moral status of the fetus was successfully laid out. Strengths and Weakness of Marquis’ Arguments Marquis’ essay is quite impressive in that it was able to deliver a deliberate and provocative analysis of existing arguments on abortion. In order to derive his position, he in fact delved into numerous philosophical accounts and went into categorically offering the premises, the arguments and even the possible counter-arguments for and against the wrongness of abortion. His persuasive style of writing is engaging in that he makes reference to his readers in attempting to appeal both to their pathos and logos. His use of â€Å"us† and â€Å"or you, reader† (as in pages 190 and 193) repeatedly in the text on the subject of killing is an effective tool in involving the readers in the active thought process. A closer analysis of his discussion, however, reveals some weaknesses. It is worthy of note that his thesis is not capable of standing on its own in that its soundness rests to some extent on the unsoundness of the arguments on which it was based or grounded.   Thus, its strength lies in the weakness of other arguments, and its full understanding is reliant upon the understanding of the consequences of other premises and argument. In the process, Marquis was successful in delivering his points. He presented his contemporaries arguments along with their weaknesses, delivered his personal propositions and even offered the possible attacks on his arguments. He offered strategies on dismantling standoffs or of avoiding certain consequences by limiting the scope of specific arguments. In the end, however, he left the readers to fill in the gaps and knit together his arguments rather than offering them a definite suggestion. How and why his conclusions are derived at is left to the discretion and understanding of the readers of how he presented his ideas. In the text, one may notice that he explicitly excluded or tried to avoid certain issues. For example, he neglected issues of great importance to a complete ethics of abortion (p. 183) and   what it is about our future or the future of other adult human beings which makes it wrong to kill us (p.191).   In order to stress his conclusion, he deliberately left out some issues and focused on some other. That he presented these issues by excluding them from his analysis, however, brought more questions unanswered and left his readers in quandary on how his argument could have been arrived at if the issues he avoided had been considered in the analysis. What could have happened to his arguments if these issues were in fact discussed and included? Could they have made his argument weak or illogical? Or could they have strengthened his argument? Probably not. Consequently, this further created gaps in the full understanding of the text. The author seems to be in the habit of opening a lo t of discussions but leaves them hanging. Although he may have done this on purpose so as to limit his discourse, the resultant is a less than likely confusion or misconception. Note that in the previous section of this essay, Marquis discussed and established the wrongness of killing to a great extent then diverted to his initial thesis on the serious immorality of abortion as if they are one in the same thing. He apparently seems to claim that wrong is equivalent to immoral. What he failed to do, however, is to establish what makes killing immoral to surmount it to the level that would make abortion seriously immoral in general. To him, the answer may have been obvious, but to logically think about it, he could have presented the morality issues of killing as it related to the wrongness of killing first then established the serious immorality of abortion. Marquis’ style is a bit cyclic in that he jumps from one concept to another and then goes back to a previous concept so as to drive at his comparisons of theories and propositions. It was advantageous in that it opens the readers to a lot logical and illogical possibility in trying to assess his points. This style, however, requires the reader to go over and over the previous discussions and arguments to refresh his memory. Otherwise, readers find it difficult to draw connections between and among his propositions. In short, his discourse is quite difficult to contextualize in relation to other concepts in one reading. The author proposes in the conclusion that a fetus possesses a property, the possession of which in adult human beings is sufficient to make killing an adult human being wrong, thus, abortion is wrong, but failed to discuss in more detail what this property of a fetus is all about as compared to the property of an adult human being who have a valuable future ahead. In the beginning of the essay, it seems that the thesis is that it purports to show that abortion is seriously immoral and that it is in the same moral category as killing an innocent adult human being. At the end of the essay, however, he says that â€Å"the thesis of this essay is that the problem of the ethics of abortion, so understood, is solvable.† They do not seem to clearly jive at all, or at least clearly define what was in the entire text of the discussion. In fact, his closing left another question hanging. Solvable in what sense, then? Does the author mean to say that his generalization that abortion is seriously immoral has solved the problem of the ethics of abortions? There is a strong reason to disagree. In fact, his jumping from his initial thesis that abortion in general is seriously immoral was not clearly sustained in the entire text when he eventually referred to it as a disputable presumption later in the discussion. He explicitly claimed that â€Å"abortion is presumptively seriously wrong, where the presumption is very strong—as strong as the presumption that killing another   adult human being is strong†(p.194). A counter argument, however, that he failed to recognize, or probably avoided, is the issue of what it is in the nature of a thing that could break this strong presumption that killing an adult human being is wrong that could also be made applicable to a fetus which could probably support or dismantle the argument that abortion is presumptively very seriously wrong. How similarly (or differently) situated are adults and fetuses to have (or not have) this strong presumption? In sum, Marquis’ essay is impressive in that it was able to deliver a highly critical analysis and argumentation on the wrongness of abortion. That a few weaknesses was identified in this analysis of his paper, however, does not serve to mitigate or totally overturn his arguments, but merely provided for an alternative suggestion in improving his arguments.

Achebe and Post-Colonialism in Anthills of the Savannah Essays

Achebe and Post-Colonialism in Anthills of the Savannah Essays Achebe and Post-Colonialism in Anthills of the Savannah Paper Achebe and Post-Colonialism in Anthills of the Savannah Paper In this line, Aba agrees that Is classified as a social realist?C,? (11). This Is not surprising, considering the fact the basic theory underlying post-colonialism Is sociology and culture as testified to by Shish in his statement that post-colonialism concerned with the study the coming together of two or more cultures and languages?C,-1?0 (4). Post-colonial authors use language and culture as tools for distinguishing their works and showing Its uniqueness. The importance of language is fundamental to post-colonial writings as Noggin states in his landmark book Decontrolling the Mind: The Politics of Language In African Literature. He explains that language carries culture, and culture carries particularly through orate and literature, the entire body of values by which we come to perceive our place In the (16). In the achievement of using language, there is the argument of whether to use a local language or to use the language of the imperials that is far reaching. This forms the crux of the debate between Achebe and Noggin. Noggin argues that the use of the English language would enrich It to the detriment of local languages. Achebe on the other hand argues for the use of English for Its several benefits. He says that the African writer aim at fashioning out an English which is at once universal and able to carry out his peculiar experience?C,-1? (Morning Yet on Creation Day 61). It Is In this light that he makes a summary of the use of English saying that he feels the English language will be able to carry the weight experience. But it will have to be a new English, still in full OFF communion Walt Its ancestral none out altered to soul t Its new Attract surroundings C,-1?0 (62). In this fashioning, other post-colonial writers make use of such linguistic strategies as the use of local untranslatable words (diplomacy), abrogation and appropriation. Abrogation refers to the denial of a set norm or standard (Imperial) language while appropriation refers to a seizure of the language, a remolding that localizes it. In this way, the language is made local either through the of the privilege of which involves a rejection of the metropolitan power over the means of communication [abrogation]? C,-1?0 (Empire Writes Back 38) or the seizure of the language which it under the influence of a vernacular tongue, the complex of speech habits which characterize the local language?C,-1?0 (Empire Writes Back 39). Post-colonial writers also use cultural tools such as affiliation and hybrid to in the achievement of their target. Affiliation, as the term suggests, is a derivative of Affiliation refers to a certain history pedigree, or ancestry. This is better explained by Edward Said who defines affiliation as or ancestry, as in a child being bonded to her/his [sic] parent by blood, body and soul?C,-1?0 (CTD in Aba 43). This shows literature to be connected afflictively to the discourse of (Key Concepts 106). Affiliation is a disclaimer of this norm and is the direct opposite of affiliation. Ashcroft, Griffith and Tiffin give a summary of this difference saying that affiliation refers to lines f descent in nature, affiliation refers to a process of identification through send the critical gaze beyond the narrow confines of the European and canonically literary into this cultural text can now be seen to be affiliated with the network of history, culture and society within which it comes into being and is read Key Concepts Hybrid refers to the combination of two or more elements. In post-colonial discourse, it shows the complex of the colonized who are a mixture of two worlds; that of the colonizers and that of theirs. To Ashcroft, Garret and Tiffin, it involves interaction of English writing with the older traditions of orate or literature in post-colonial societies, and the emergence of a writing which has a major aim, the assertion of social and cultural difference? (Key Concepts 118). Finally, the writers implore their personal voices as a tool for the reclamation of their literature. Authorial voice here, to borrow from Susan Lenses is presence and attitude of a textual voice [and the] stylistic, philosophic centre of a novel?C,-1?0 (CTD in Aba 13).

How Children Playing Sports Contributed to a Well-Rounded Child Research Paper

How Children Playing Sports Contributed to a Well-Rounded Child - Research Paper Example The energy possessed by children needs to be fully utilized in co-curricular activities such as sports. Therefore, a well-rounded child can be viewed as that child, who has totally developed physically, socially and mentally thru playing sports from early childhood (Humphrey). Having children participate in sporting activities has over time led to controversies in opinions and as such a bond of contention between educational institutions and other stake holders. Some scholars hold contrary opinions on whether or not children should participate in sports. â€Å"Critics have condemned sport for fostering excessive violence, an overemphasis on competition and winning, and the exploitation of individuals. Sport proponents have extolled the value of sport as a contributor to health, personal fulfillment, and community integration.† (School sports, Encyclopedia of Education). It is vital to have a glance at how sport produces positive results in the education sector and other settin gs for young children. Among the reasons behind these controversies is the notion that if the sports are not well organized can pose a number of dangers notably; cognitive and psychological. Kirk Ericson in his article titled, â€Å"The Negative Effects of Youth Sports† asserts thus â€Å"competitive sports may be too stressful for children; therefore a need to control what sport children play otherwise sports can be injurious. Among the effects cited in the article include; physical injuries on the bones, sprains and strains on the muscles and tendons, injuries inflicted on growth plates and heat related ailments. The other effect justifying by Shields and Gilbert is why kids should not participate in sport activities is because of early burnouts, as a result of stress reaction caused by overstraining and too much play that can dehydrate the child’s body. The article further advocates for a creation of an environment where children will be able to participate and vie w sport as a source of fun and enjoyment. The other factor against sport activities by children is that in the event of competition and play kids use large amounts of energy and therefore the planners of children sport need to engage the services of the diet and nutrition specialists to help guard against inadequate nutrition otherwise sports for children will generate more harm than good. In the contrary opinion scholars and physical education specialists cite enormous benefits gained by children in sports. As stated in one of the articles, â€Å"Numerous studies by Shields and Gilbert support the positive relationship that exists between psychological well-being and regular involvement in physical activity, especially in the areas of reduction of anxiety and depression.† Physically, sport helps children develop a well-built structure of their bodies, for example, the muscles and bones. As Brewer, asserts child development demonstrates that children develop through shared ac tivities such as sports. â€Å"Children grow in and through connections with others† supports the fundamental importance of warm, trusting, supportive and close interpersonal sport relationships to overall well-being (Brewer). Sports therefore play a major role in the social development of a child; it is through play that virtues such as cooperation, team work, discipline, trust, just play and game skills are developed. Intellectual development of

Higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Higher education - Essay Example I agree that too many people are joining colleges. There are several opportunities apart from going to college, and they are all viable. There are so many people going to college, and the most interesting thing is that there is a high rate of drop out compared to those graduating. The graduation rate is low as described by Murray in his article. It is evidential that there are six months certificates which are flexible as compared to four years stay in college. Also, most of the students spend up to six years in college; they could have invested the time in more viable ventures. All people that go to the college do not become successful. At the same time, too many people are joining the colleges leading the current education system into shamble (Murray 225). According to statistics, from the financial institutions, the competence of the financial students is wanting. Most of the people have tried to be fit and conform to the social norms of the society. No one is bound to fit into the social norm of the society, in fact, they must use creative and critical thinking does decide if to join the college or to become an electrician. The fact that too many people are going to college does not affect or influence an individual’s decision of joining the college. Joining the college must not me a communal decision but a personal decision (Murray 230). It is important to note that, not everyone who has the ability to make it through to college. Most of the skills must be learned in the alimentary and middle school. Murray describes the education system as a failing strategy. Most of the people in the society believe that everyone in the society must have a bachelor’s degree to be considered in the job market. People must do what they are good at and not what the society tells them to do. Money is not the reason for joining

Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media and Communication - Essay Example 210-212). Blog is also a kind of social networking site. According to Enzer (1994), Blog can be defined as a website or webpage manage by an individual or organization or group of people in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in a reverse chronological order. According to him the word blog is a short form of weblog. Maintaining a blog or adding any article or comments in any existing blog is knows as blogging. Articles or comments post in a blog known as blog posts, posts or entries. A person who is making these posts is the blogger. Generally a blog is consisting of text, hypertext, images, and links. According to Enzer, it is a more conventional way of documentation (Enzer, 1994). According to Rowse (2005), there are some features associated with any blog. These are archives and comments. Archives of any blog consist of old massages or post made by any individual on any blog. As the comments posted in blogs are arranged reverse chronological orders, so the older post goes to the archives. Comments are the feedback given by individuals about the particular blog or about the current topic which is under discussion (Rowse, 2005). Analysis of Blog: This work is all about analyzing a particular blog in respect of its context, style, designing, popularity and relevance to the society. The blog we are reviewing here is Golf’s Girl Diary. The blog Golf Girl’s Diary was one of the first blog associated with the sports of golf, owned by golfer Patrica Hannigan. She is from Danbury CT. It is unique in many ways. First of all it is associated with golf and owned by a women golfer. Secondly it is one of first independent golf blog managed by a lady golfer. So the curiosity about the topic of this blog is always on the higher side. In her blog, she has various comments and article associated with golf lifestyle as well as travel publication. She is also well known as she appeared on inside edition and Good Morning America. One main thing a ssociated with this blog is, after the Tiger Woods saga in Golf, she has become a go to voice in terms of female perspective in the sport of golf. The design of the blog is very attractive and eye catchy. Uses of different colors on the home page of this blog make it even more interesting. The home page consist of her info give us an overview of who is she, what she up to and also about the significance of this blog. Her blog gives us an overview of the book Little Tartan, which is written by her and dedicated to all the women who want to be a golfer but not able to be. The overview of the book also gives us a clear idea about her mindset, her ways to look forward to the life and how she takes the life. In her blog post there are links of almost all the golf player who are well known in this sport. On a way one can consider this blog as a small encyclopedia about modern day golf players. Apart from the details of the players there are few videos also which also interesting. Overall the arrangement and structure of the blog is very attractive. Now let’s discuss about her blogs. As she is a golf player it is obvious that her blogs also related to the sports itself. In her blog posts she has discussed every possible minute details, technical

Does Britain Have an Underclass?

Does Britain Have an Underclass? What is an underclass and does it exist in Britain today? The idea of the existence of an underclass isn’t by any means new. Charles Murray is perhaps the best known researcher who has studied the underclass both in the US and Britain. Murray arrived in Britain in 1989 from the US where he suggested that a huge underclass had already emerged and he wanted to compare Britain to the US. He described in his 1990 paper â€Å"the Emerging British Underclass† that it was spreading â€Å"like a plague through our social fabric†, concluding that Britain does indeed have an underclass and predicting that by the year 2000 it would have grown to dramatic proportions. This essay shall examine the theory of underclass by Charles Murray and some alternative opinions by his critics in order to exemplify what a complex subject the underclass is. Murray’s prediction of an existing and indeed expanding underclass will also be examined. It is impossible to examine the concept of underclass without looking at an example of class theory of which there are many. Just one has been selected, that of Runciman (1990). He suggests that there are seven classes in British society the upper class, three middle classes (upper, middle and lower) two working classes (skilled and unskilled) and an underclass. Runciman describes the underclass as those who are â€Å"excluded from the labour market entirely† (cited in Marshall, 1997). This could be because of disability, being in debt, or through lack of skill and are highly likely to be women or/and in the ethnic minorities. These are not causal factors. The main feature of the underclass is long term unemployment. Murray (1990) agrees that long term unemployment and it’s increase is the cause of the underclass along with the rise of single parenthood. Welfare benefits are too easily available for these groups he argues, thereby creating a â€Å"culture of dependency†. Murray’s definition of â€Å"underclass† is not concerned with the degree of poverty but a type of poverty and supports the view that the underclass are defined by their behaviour. They devalue the work ethic and are often associated with anti social behaviour and crime. He argues that the provision of welfare benefits for single parents have contributed towards the decline of the traditional nuclear family. Murray focuses on illegitimacy seeing it as a different â€Å"problem† from divorce, separation or widowhood. He sees that children who have only ever known one parent from birth are more likely to be in the underclass than those who have, at some point, experienced having two parents. He co ncluded that illegitimacy was more common in households that were poor than rich and also in white families more than black or Asian (although he doesn’t see â€Å"race† or ethnicity, or gender as a contributory factor). He makes a distinction between the short term unemployed and those who are long term â€Å"economically inactive†. The reliance on benefits and devaluation of work perpetuates from generation to generation, thereby forming early socialisation into the counter-culture referred to as the â€Å"underclass†. The class theory of Runciman and the meaning of underclass according to Murray are not the only theories in existence. The complexity of it means one fixed definition cannot be attributed to it. Critics of Murray suggest that there is a tendency in his work to blame the underclass themselves, whereas societal factors need to be considered. Glasgow (1980) argues that the economy has failed to provide equal opportunities. Inequalities mean that some groups are excluded. Field (1989) blames the Thatcher government for rewarding the rich and punishing the poor and suggests that social problems are interconnected. One particular part of Murray’s theory that has attracted criticism is the focus on illegitimate1 children. Brown (cited in Lone Parent Families, Ed: Donnellan, 2004) argues that it is unfair to label illegitimate children as being in the â€Å"underclass†. In many cases of divorce or separation, the absent parent doesn’t contribute financially at all or con tributes very little, thereby placing their child and former partner amongst the groups that are not so well off . Statistics have shown that single parenthood has risen in Britain supporting Murray’s prediction. Britain has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies in Western Europe, the second highest in the world. The figures for the number of illegitimate children in 1988 in Britain was 25.6%. The 2001 census showed that as many as one in four children are being raised in a single parent family. 90% of single parents are women. Single teenage parents are most likely to be amongst the poorest. Child care facilities are expensive and working hours may not be flexible. Studies have shown that if they do find work they may start at the very bottom of the ladder in part time or temporary positions with few benefits, perhaps only earning slightly more than they would on benefits. If they do try and get themselves out of hardship, it would prove incredibly difficult. Finding work does not necessarily mean that someone will be out of poverty. Murray fails to mention the elderly, often seen in Britain as outside of mainstream society, despite what their position was during their working life. Field (1989) cites the underclass as consisting of single parents, the long term unemployed and the frail, elderly pensioner. Many critics of Murray argue that income and wealth need to be equal to give the elderly better lives. Efforts have been made such as free eye tests, free television license and winter fuel payments. However, this help is not available to all pensioners and those in social policy would like to see a return to a link between pensions and earnings (which was abolished in 1980) which would help lift the elderly out of poverty (source: the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website). Government policies have been implemented to try and alleviate problems. Charles Murray eventually stopped providing Government with possible policies because of pessimism about their capabilities to change things. Figures for February 2006 showed that the employment rate was 74.5% but this figure was down by 0.4% over the year. 51% of those unemployed were women. However, the number of job vacancies had decreased. Those taking part in Government schemes such as the New Deal are not included in unemployment figures. Critics suggest that the Government create these schemes so that unemployment figures drop but putting people into poorly paid work will not lift them out of the underclass. Preston (2005) emphasises that the benefit system for those not working is inadequate and often inaccessible (for example to asylum seeker families) so therefore doesn’t provide the security Murray suggests it does. It is impossible to give an adequate definition of what the underclass is as it is very much a disputed concept. Ideas of what the underclass actually is have been mentioned here, notably Murray who suggests that the British underclass is a subculture in itself and tends to blame the people within it rather than societal circumstances. Critics blame inequalities in education, job opportunities, housing and so on. It can be concluded that there are sections of society that could be termed the â€Å"underclass†, desperately needing Government to create policies to help them out of poverty and that those outside the mainstream society are growing asylum seeker families are certainly excluded from mainstream education and a chance to work adding to those living in poverty in this country. In this respect, Murray was right in that those living in poverty has grown. Social scientists and policy makers however do not always agree on who actually makes up the â€Å"underclass† . Word count: 1252 References Brown J (2004) Quoted in Lone Parent Families Ed: Donnellan, Scotland, Independence Educational publishers Field, F , (1989) Losing out: The Emergence of Britain’s Underclass, Oxford, Blackwell Marshall G (1997) Social class and underclass in Britain and the USA (an essay from Social Differences and Divisions Ed: Braham P Janes L (2002) Oxford, Blackwell in association with the Open University) Murray C (1990) The Emerging British Underclass cited in Morris L (1993) Dangerous classes, London, Routledge Preston G, (2005) Quoted in Child Poverty Action Group Manifesto: Ten Steps to a Society Free of Child Poverty, CPAG (white paper) Internet source Joseph Rowntree Foundation (online) Social Exclusion Unit: Breaking the Cycle: Taking Stock of Priorities for the Future, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2004 Internet source

Racial tensions and problems Essay

Racial tensions and problems are common for multiracial countries. They are unavoidable as wherever there is a mixture of cultures, there always is prejudice. As far as the history is concerned, blacks were the ones to whom the hatred was directed the most. Laissez-faire- the initial policy of the British government towards migration proved to work for country’s disadvantage, which only became clear in the years that followed. Negroes, Indians, Asians or any other ethnic minority whose skin color is darker than that of WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) are referred to as black. For these people the term â€Å"equality of opportunity† is far from the truth and their struggle for â€Å"freedom† seems to be endless. They experience many humiliations on everyday basis and often are objects of bullying. They find it difficult to assimilate owing to many reasons and the society is not helping them at all. However, in accordance with some claims, there exist certain opportunities that these people may take an advantage of. The children of black families are said to be the ones that can make the most of the two cultures- the native and the target one. Owing to their susceptibility, it is easier for them to assimilate than for their parents who have a strong feeling of identity and are often nostalgic about their origin. Mixed schools are places where black children learn about the target culture and socialize with their friends of different origins. It is an opportunity for them to enrich their cultural values and at the same time preserve their own. Due to the disrespectful attitude they meet with everyday, these children become much more motivated to do well at school than their peers. It is education that is inculcated into their mind since it is essential to lead a decent and respectful life in future. On the other hand, schools are often places of terror for black students. In fact, they are bullied and intimidated on every occasion. There are many racist groups including skinheads, whose ideologies are close to that of Nazis. â€Å"The skinheads beat the Bengalis with baseball bats and bottles  and drove at them in a van. One Asian was beaten unconscious  as the mob returned for a second assault just minutes  after the first one. When police searched their van they found  a swastika flag, white supremascist literature as well as machete,  axe, knives and a CS cannister.† (‘Asian Weekly’ 12 July 1993) Blacks are considered as enemies or plague of the country and these subgroups refer to themselves as the cure. Their severe attacks most often have fatal effects or even result in suicides. The victims are innocent adolescents whose only crime seems to be their complexion. Strange as it may seem, elocution and clothing can contribute a lot to an improvement of ones image and status. There are numerous blacks who became successful on television or in politics and many other walks of life. These people surely do not consider themselves different from their parents or ancestors; neither do they consider themselves better. It is hard work that has got them so far and they have every right to be proud of themselves. This may be regarded as the very last step of acculturation where a person is fully assimilated and integrated into the target culture. At this stage one may say that the opportunities for blacks become almost equal with those of WASP. People seeing a black man on television reading news no longer see a black speaker but a speaker who happens to be black and that is a grave difference. It can be safely said that speech manner and impeccable appearance combined with good education opens a window of opportunities for blacks, however, not many of them are willing to accept this chance. â€Å"The fact that many black teenagers dress in the style  of extremist groups, such as the rap group Public Enemy,  conjures up images of hostility and aggression in some people’s  minds. Rightly or wrongly, they will be equated with the attitudes  that such groups represent.† (‘The Sunday Times’ 30 August 1992) Making an effort to assimilate is crucial. Most of young blacks do exactly the opposite. Their appearance and offensive language stray too far from the established norms that exist in a given society. By doing that they exhibit a very negative attitude toward life, which is portrayed not as a desire to assimilate but the converse. Because of the facts presented above only a small percentage of blacks gains respect and a good position in life. This gave rise to something which was termed an â€Å"affirmative action†. All it meant was that employers, to some extent, were forced to give job to people from ethnic minorities. In every institution there must have been a certain percentage of these people employed in order to create a general feeling of equality. Positive as it may seem, this also created problems. It was a â€Å"backstab† for people of the target culture because their jobs were threatened. General attitude was that blacks are given the jobs of whites who are often better skilled to do them. Considering an assembly-line job it did not matter much but a police force was more serious issue. Blacks were teamed with whites to patrol the streets not because their abilities or test scores were high but because they were black and that was an outrage. The society was very negative toward the idea of affirmative action and remained so until today. All in all, I would venture to say that the parents are the ones to be blamed for the problems that their children have with assimilation. It is often their attitude and the feeling of nostalgia that does not allow the youngsters to adopt the target culture. The children are left confused and undergo an identity crisis trying to reconcile themselves to a particular culture. This is where all the problems result from and they seem to outweigh the opportunities that I presented above. Yet, the hope for better future is still at hand. Next generations of blacks will certainly analyze the faults their parents and grandparents had made and allow more freedom of choice for their children. REFERENCES ‘Skinhead mob jailed for attack on Asians’ in â€Å"Asian Weekly† (12th July 1993) ‘Young, gifted and not-too-black’ in â€Å"The Sunday Times† (30th August 1992) BIBLIOGRAPHY Fiedler, E., Jansen, R. and M. Norman-Risch., 1995. America in close-up. Harlow, Longman. O’Driscoll, J., 1995. Britain. Oxford, OUP. ‘Growing up BLACK in Britain’ in â€Å"She† (January 1991) ‘My parents are racist’ in â€Å"Just Seventeen† (1st June 1994) ‘Skinhead mob jailed for attack on Asians’ in â€Å"Asian Weekly† (12th July 1993) ‘When Asian youths hit back’ in â€Å"The Guardian† (16th september 1993) ‘Young, gifted and not-too-black’ in â€Å"The Sunday Times† (30th August 1992)

Crime and Individual Choice Essay

Crime is a common phenomenon. Huge investments of any government go towards the containment and apprehension of crime offenders. The more crime acquires various forms and becomes prevalent, the more studies and theories are brought out to analyze the causes and motivations. A look at Australia in the recent past indicates public outcry over increased incidences of crime, although incidences of organized crime are becoming rare, the same cannot be said of petty thefts. Criminologists have over the years stepped up their efforts in examining the motivations of crime. This is an issue that sparks controversy as some sociologists blame it on the society, pointing out that it is the prevalent circumstances in the society that are behind crime. In the light of this row, this paper maintains that crime is as a result of individual choices rather that the prevalent social circumstances. A study of the possible causes of crime is core to understanding crime, the information generated is crucial as afar as government’s response and approaches to fighting crime is concerned. A dearth of information on such a common problem means that law enforcement agencies spend valuable resources and time on addressing the symptoms rather than the causes. It is this fact that motivates criminologists to dig out the real causes of crime. Economists traditionally have not been involved in the analysis of crime, the issue of causes and prevention was seen as being outside the realm of economics. It was seen as a preserve of sociologists and criminologists. This however changed in the late 1960s when economists brought in an argument that represented a radical paradigm shift from afore recognized sociological and criminological theories. They deviated from the societal foundations of the motivation of crime to a more individualized approach. A good theory of crime according to Becker (1968) has to â€Å"dispense with special theories of anomie, psychological inadequacies or inheritance of special traits and simply extend the economist’s usual analysis of choice. † The economic theory of crime focuses on the aspect of an individual’s rational choice as the key motivation behind crime. This is a theory that is based on the assumption that each and every individual engages in crime in their bid to increase their utility. Crime should be regarded as a venture; it is an enterprise which an individual engages in with an intention of gaining something just like in business. This hence means that any one can become a criminal, there is no particular group that is inherently criminal, it is just that people tend to move in and out of crime when there is an opportunity and there are ample conditions for a crime. Just like in business ventures, a potential criminal takes time to plan his activities and also makes decision in regard to the amount of time to be appropriated in each activity so as to maximize the gains. In making a decision of whether or not to engage in crime, an individual takes into account all the possible benefits and also the likely costs. People engage in criminal activities not because they have some natural or psychological motivations but because they have amply taken into consideration the perceived benefits and costs. This means that a certain crime will not be committed if the costs exceed the benefits. In such a case hence it is possible to see a particular crime being the most preferred in comparison to another due to the net benefits associated with that crime. Indeed crime is driven by the resultant benefits and decreased if the punishment meted out is harsh in comparison to the crime. According to the economic theory, â€Å"an increase in the probability and/or severity of punishment (representing costs of criminal behavior) will reduce the potential criminal’s participation in illegitimate activities. † (Philip & Cameron) This is what motivates the deterrence theory. It is important to point out that the issue of costs and benefits must be carefully analyzed, the cost does not only revolve around the aspect of incarceration but also encompasses the social cost, this applies even to the perceived benefits. A rational individual wishing to engage in crime hence puts into consideration all these factors and weighs his options, his decision and choice is influenced by the resultant weight, either towards the benefits or towards the costs. If the costs outweigh the benefits, the individuals is unlikely to engage in the crime; the vice versa is also true (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The Rational Choice Theory, on which the economics theory is founded, is derived from the utilitarian belief that indeed human beings are rational; their decisions are independently influenced by the factors of costs and benefits. In the propagation of this theory, several assumptions are made. There is the assumption that people are driven by utility; they are motivated by the urge to increase their happiness which mostly is in terms of wealth. they also are supposed to have goals and they pick the choice that enables them to accomplish such goals. The theory of rational choice can be traced to the early works of Cesare Beccaria who set out to explain crime using the enlightment ideas. According to Cessare, â€Å"people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain, and while criminal acts can bring pleasure of various sorts, possible punishment can bring pain. † (Laura, 2007, 231) This is a theory that has immensely been used in the justice system; it is based on the thinking that for crime to be prevented, punishment must outweigh the benefits of the crime. This is because if the pain is less than the benefits, then there is no motivation to quit crime. Bentham also was in agreement over the aspect of crime boiling down to individual choice, and influenced by the perceived benefits. He noted that â€Å"the profit of the crime is the force which urges a man to delinquency. The pain of the punishment is the force employed to restrain him from it. If the first of these forces is greater, the crime will be committed; if the second, the crime will not be committed. † (Cited in Maurice, 1993, 311) An important aspect that has to be looked at is why some people or groups show a higher prevalence to crime. Indeed, people can not have a similar response to crime. This is so as people have individual differences that affect their preferences. There are those that may prefer honesty, have a higher income and hence value their reputation. The perceived gains and costs are also regarded differently. The prospects of experiencing a certain level of pain might be motivating enough to some people to avoid crime. The decision to engage in one sort of crime and avoid others also follows a similar pattern. It is influenced by opportunity, available information, costs and benefits (Loftin, & McDowell, 1982). The view that crime is influenced by rational individual choices has most often than not been put into disrepute by a flurry of other available studies done on the subject. A majority of the existing studies are influenced by the social conditions and environment rather than the individual choice. One of the existing schools of thought that points at the relationship between social factors and crime is the positivist school of thought. According to this thinking, crime and criminality is influence by internal and external factors that are beyond the control of an individual. The answer to criminality lies in the biological, psychological and social foundations. Those that propagate the thinking that crime can be explained by physiological factors do it on the basis that those individuals that have a higher affinity towards crime tend to have some specific physiological traits. This thinking influenced the thought that crime is a natural trait and hence cannot be individually controlled. Some individuals are born criminals and they cannot change this. It is this argument of inherent criminality that was used to fuel the arguments behind the abolishment of capital punishment, on the basis that criminals were being punished for things they had no control on. There is also the thinking that crime can be closely linked to neuroticism and psychotism. In this, crime is seen as a mental disease where the criminal develops a psychotic compulsion to engage in crime. The prevalent theory that challenges the aspect of individual choice in crime is the sociological positivism. This is a theory that traces crime to societal factors such as poverty, subcultures and lack of education. The social disorganization theory for example has been able to establish a positive link between the collapse of important social institutions and crime. The society is held together by institutions such as religion and also the justice system. The collapse of these core institutions contributes to an increase in crime. Poverty and lack of economic development fuels an increase in crime. As the theory claims, places that are characterized by neighborhoods with high population and failed social structure record high instances of crime compared to others. Poverty leads to social disorder and is characterized by physical evidences of collapsed buildings and deteriorating neighborhoods. This leads to what has been referred to as the deterioration concentration effects. Such neighborhoods attract crime (Maurice, 1993). It is important to observe that social factors can indeed fuel crime. There exist immense studies that have focused on crime and ethnicity and have come to conclude that there are certain social conditions that influence such communities to commit crime. Poverty has been pointed out as one of the leading factor, where people resort to crime as a means of acquiring wealth and prosperity. This however does not mean that the role of an individual in making such a choice diminishes. People are influenced by their own rational choice to engage in crime, in consideration of the existing benefits and costs of such a crime, should the cost override the benefits; then crime is reduced. References Maurice P. F. (1993) The psychology of crime: a social science textbook. Cambridge University Press. Laura L. F. (2007) Encyclopedia of juvenile violence. Greenwood Publishing Group. Brantingham, P. J. & Brantingham, P. L. (1991). Environmental criminology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Gottfredson, M. , T. Hirschi (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press. Becker, G. S. (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, Loftin, C. and McDowell, D. (1982) The police, crime and economic theory. American. Sociological Review Philip M. B & Cameron M. Crime, punishment and deterrence in Australia: A further empirical investigation. International Journal of Social Economics retrieved on April 28, 2009 from http://www. uq. edu. au/~ecpbodma/ijse. pdf.

Tips for Successful Late Night Studying

Tips for Successful Late Night Studying What is your best study time? Do you feel most like studying in the wee hours of the night? If so, you are not alone. But  that can be a problem for parents and school officials. While some students like to get up early in the morning and study, most will say that late night studying is most productive. When it comes to brain power, students will say they perform better at nightand the fact that parents might find surprising and  interesting is that  science seems to agree. That can be a problem. School starts early in the morning for most students, so the benefits of studying at night can be eliminated by the drowsiness of missing sleep! Science also shows that the amount of sleep you get will affect your academic performance. Here Are a Few Tips for Maximizing Study Time Figure out if you are a morning person or a night person. You might surprise yourself. Try getting up early to study and see if it works out.Have a talk with parents to tell them that teen brains do perform better at night, so you won’t have to deal with miscommunication. Show them the science. You might be able to come up with a solution.Agree on an absolute â€Å"start time† for studying if you need to study late. Turn off the TV! Your brain should be just fine at six or seven o’clock. You don’t need to start after dark.Agree on a solid deadline for closing books and getting to sleep.Dont waste time on texts, games, and social media. You can do all of that early evening and get serious later in the evening if youre a night owl.Upon occasion, you may be able to go to school a little late if you have to study for an afternoon test. As long as you are communicating with your parents, and as long as the tardiness doesnt hurt your grades, you may be able to w ork this out. Sources: Improved Academic Success. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 7, 2009, from sciencedaily.com ¬ /releases/2009/06/090610091232.htm Teens. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 7, 2009, from sciencedaily.com ¬ /releases/2007/05/070520130046.htm