Employee Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employee Training and Development - Essay Example The abstract is essentially a one-page summary of the entire dissertation incorporating the research problem, key findings and concepts, and main conclusion and recommendations. Human resource is often one of the major contributors in an organization's costs. Hence, it is imperative that these costs result to the creation of value to the firm at all times. It is therefore necessary that a company's human resources are properly equipped with the skills and knowledge to function as they are supposed to in attaining the organizational goals and objectives. Human resource training and development, therefore, is a continuous process and can be a source of an organization's competitive advantage. This importance of human resource training and development is the one of the main reasons why the researcher choose the topic. Moreover, as an aspiring human resource manager, the researcher believes that the knowledge to be learned during the research process will be invaluable to her career in human resource management. Furthermore, given the increasing diversity of the workforce, designing an effective but efficient human resource training and development process has become a key success factor. Interestingly, a human resource manager nowadays has to be adept in changing expectations from one context to another, from one location to another, from one country to another. This is due to the proliferation of multinational corporations and expatriate managers who are tasked to manage human resources from differing cultural background and work behaviors. Moreover, the global manager must also navigate the tricky relationship of culture, work place behavior and compensation preferences between these cultural contexts. By definition human resource training is a systematic activity in the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies needed to perform a job according to standards. On the other hand, human resource development is the process of changing an organization's workforce in order to achieve, maintain and enhance competitive advantage. According to Church, Margiloff and Corruzzi (1995) "[regardless] of [the] changes in an organization's environment, mission or structure, employee satisfaction and quality of [work life] remain significant concerns for most organizational change and development efforts" (p. 3). This means that these other factors have to be considered no matter what into human resource training and development. Lastly, the importance of human resource training and development has become undeniable that David Pollitt (2007) observe that employees now do recognize that the learning, training and development strategies of an organization is key to its success (p. 130). Problem Statement Human resource training and development is a costly activity. Hence, its results as regards the company's bottom line, specifically its productivity, must be worth the expense. Hence,

Need for collaborative projects in business courses Essay Example for Free

Need for collaborative projects in business courses Essay Group projects are integral to the business curriculum and can be useful in developing students skills and abilities as managers. However, faculty encounter several problems with group projects, including assessing students efforts, aiding good communication and coordination among members, and making sure the project is a truly collaborative effort. Technology may aid in addressing these problems; electronic discussion boards and chat rooms, for example, can help faculty and students enhance collaboration and increase the accountability of group members. Keywords: Discussion boards, chat rooms, collaborative learning, student projects INCREASED GLOBAL COMPETITION and other changes in the business environment over the last several years have led organizations to restructure themselves. One aspect of that restructuring is a shifting of responsibility and decision making downward and a movement toward self-directed work teams (Cohen, 1993). To prepare students to thrive in this environment, we obviously need to teach them effective teamwork and communication skills. This article describes two tools that can help accomplish this task, the electronic discussion board and the chat room. These can foster interdependence in group projects and deeper, active learning. First, we discuss the need for and benefits of collaborative projects, the problems of group work, and the role of technology in such projects. We then provide recommendations for incorporating these electronic tools in business communication classes. Need for Collaborative Projects in Business Courses. As many researchers have noted, the structural shift towards teams occurring in many organizations should be reflected in the classroom (Bobbitt, Inks, Kemp, Mayo, 2000). Using groups in class thus prepares students to work collaboratively in the business environment while promoting collaborative learning in the classroom itself. The first benefit of group work in the classroom is that it teaches students how to work collaboratively in the business environment. Business organizations repeatedly indicate that the increased use of teams in the real world has increased students need for exposure and experience with teams (Buckenmyer, 2000). Companies that use teams creatively spend many hours and dollars training individuals to work in teams and training managers to manage teams. Through working in groups, students can enhance their abilities in setting goals, delegating work, and dealing with conflict (Colbeck, Campbell, Bjorklund, 2000). They can also improve their communication, leadership, problem solving, and technical skills. All of these skills are highly rated by recruiters and employers and will help graduates meet the demands and rigors of the workplace (McNally, 1994). The second benefit of group work is that these projects promote collaborative learning. University educators have embraced cooperative learning methods as ways to engage students and to foster cooperation (Ravenscroft, 1997). Researchers have found that the values of Generation X are highly individualistic, visually-oriented, and aligned with information technology, not with the sharing of information (Buckenmyer, 2000). Thus, group course projects, with proper guidance, can help these students learn to deal effectively with others. Group work learning can be an excellent way of encouraging the development of higher cognitive skills in students (Thorley Gregory, 1994) and can be effective even for relatively quiet group members. When groups work well, students consistently fare better in class, on tests, and in attitudes towards the instructor and each other (Jones Brickner, 1996). The quality of learning is improved by peer support, with students gaining experience in communication, negotiation, organization, and task management. Cooperative methods have been recognized as effective ways to motivate students to become actively involved in learning. The collaborative group project creates a forum that allows students to take an active approach towards their own education. The security of working within a group provides an excellent entree into the progression to independent and autonomous learning (Maguire Edmondson, 2001). Problems with Group Projects The many benefits of collaborative projects, however, are often offset by problems. First, a common problem is the failure of the group to work together effectively. Students may exert an individual effort but are unable to coordinate their efforts effectively with their group members to achieve any kind of synergistic benefits (Tullar, Kaiser, Balthazard, 1998). Group members need to be contributing their ideas, questioning and learning from each other, and building on the efforts of the other members. For collaborative learning to occur, students must coordinate the diverse skills and abilities of their group members to address a complex task (Tullar et al. , 1998). A second problem is that often group members simply divide a project so that each individual writes a portion. Then, just before the project is due, the students bring in their disks and combine files without coordinating their efforts or talents effectively. Third, group work often leads to unequal contributions of members, resulting in hitchhikers and workhorses (Cottell Millis, 1993). These hitchhikers, also called free riders and social loafers, can cause problems in the workflow of the group, as they do not do their fair share. Members of the group have difficulty addressing the free-rider problem and documenting the problem and their efforts to solve it (Gremler, Hoffman, Keaveney, Wright, 2000). The issue becomes one students word against anothers as the teacher tries to determine fair individual grades. Finally, group projects are often assigned without the allocation of class time for groups to develop cooperative skills or to become cohesive (Michaelsen, 1992). There is limited time in class to discuss both the needed topics and the mechanics of group management. In many cases, groups meet on evenings and weekends when faculty members are not available for assistance. Additionally, many group members are geographically and temporally dispersed, which makes organizing face-to-face group meetings difficult. The Role of Technology in Enhancing Collaborative Learning Active and cooperative learning approaches will be counterproductive unless they are thoughtfully implemented and well supported. Communication tools like discussion boards and chat rooms can be effective in inter-team collaboration as well as in faculty-student communication. These tools can help ease the problems discussed in the previous section. By solving these problems with technology, faculty can address three learning goals: empowering students, improving their communication skills, and developing their ability to work collaboratively. Finally, these technological communication tools offer teaching opportunities by allowing faculty to be more accessible to students and to track students efforts better. Addressing Group Project Problems Internet-based tools can be a tremendous help in coordinating team efforts, particularly when the team is geographically (whether by a few miles or a few thousand miles) or temporally dispersed (Kaiser, Tullar, McKowen, 2000). With technology, groups can meet either synchronously, using chat rooms, or asynchronously, using threaded discussion boards, in which group members contribute to the group discussion at times convenient to their schedules over a defined time period. These tools enable everyone in the group to talk at the same time or at their convenience by typing their comments into the forum that instantly distributes their comments. Additionally, strong personalities have greater difficulty dominating the group as everyone has equal access to the floor. Students may feel more comfortable presenting ideas this way than in a face-to-face meeting, and the quality and professionalism of their ideas may be higher, knowing that their participation is being monitored. The discussion forum also gives all students ample time for reflection so students responses are often more thoughtful than those in face-to-face situations. Studies have illustrated this level of increased and more evenly distributed participation from students in computer-supported groups (Tullar et al. , 1998). Addressing Learning Goals Projects provide opportunities for experiential learning, that is, students apply what they have learned to real-world situations and thus develop decision-making skills. But in doing so, projects often produce anxiety as students struggle to determine what answer the instructor wants. However, with these projects, whether it be a case, a report of a business issue, or a business plan, faculty are typically not searching for one right answer, but rather are concerned with the process that students use in solving problems. Teaching students to ask the right questions is thought to be more important than giving students the right answers. In the real world, there is neither one right answer nor is there a sage on a stage that can direct students to the right answer. Students need to learn how to find and to support the answers for themselves. The use of electronic discussion boards and chat rooms can aid student learning in the struggle through the project process. Thus, three learning goals can be addressed through the use of electronic discussion boards and chat rooms with experiential group projects: (1) empowering students to become active participants in their learning, (2) increasing students communication skills in describing and solving problems, and (3) enhancing students abilities to collaborate and work with others in developing their own resources in solving problems. To achieve these goals, education must involve interactivity among instructors, students, and the materials, and electronic discussion boards and chat rooms can enrich that interactivity. Providing Additional Teaching Opportunities Another advantage of these tools is the opportunity for faculty to participate in the discussions and e-mails. Faculty can use these tools to demonstrate concern for students and to provide additional accessibility and feedback. In fact, the transactional distance encourages faculty to maintain a facilitative role rather than an authoritative role (Moore, 1993). Finally, these tools make it easier for faculty and students to keep track of what everyone has said as there is a written record (Kaiser et al. , 2000). Students have the opportunity to reorganize and reshape their understanding of course content. The Web-based tools allow thoughts to be captured for future examination, elaboration, and extension. The end result is usually more robust and thoughtful discussions. In fact, threaded discussions can extend the time that both instructors and students invest in the course (Bruce Hwang, 2001). Recommendations for Using These Tools Many universities are starting to use various computer course tools or platforms to promote online learning. These platforms, such as BlackBoard or WebCT, can be used to design either Web-based or Web-assisted courses. For several years, we have used discussion groups and chat rooms in Web-based classes but have also found that communication can be enhanced in traditional classes through use of these tools. Since more business organizations are using electronic tools, such as Lotus Notes, to facilitate group meetings, using them in the classroom helps students further prepare for their careers. However, the wise faculty member will be advised that these tools should be used judiciously. Therefore, based on our experience, the following suggestions are made to faculty who are considering the use of Web-based tools. Discussion Boards Instructors and students can compose and post messages electronically on electronic discussion boards. Both public and private discussion forums can be implemented. With many computing platforms, such as WebCT, faculty can set up public forums to start threaded discussions for the class to which the students can respond electronically. Students can use these public forums to post questions to which the entire class can respond, such as for help in finding information for the project. A project normally seems easier when the instructor is discussing it in class and few questions arise. However, students questions occasionally occur after class or on weekends. The discussion board allows the opportunity for students to post problems asynchronously and to receive input from the class. The burden is no longer on the instructor to solve every problem as it occurs but is on the students to work with each other as well as with the instructor in solving problems. This is a tremendous lesson for students to learn to deal with problem solving in the real world. When an employer gives an employee a project or task to do, he/she expects the employee to do it on his/her own and not ask for assistance from the employer every step of the way. Students have to learn to be problem solvers on their own, and the use of electronic discussion boards helps develop that skill. The professors role is to help get the conversation started. For example, the instructor can post a question on the public project discussion board asking at which sites people are having success finding information for the project. The students can then respond. Those students who respond in a useful manner will be rewarded, such as with a participation grade. Those students or groups who do not respond can be asked on the discussion board for their input. When students see the progress other students are making, they may be spurred to work harder. Additionally, the faculty need to check the discussion board frequently to see if any misinformation is being spread, to ensure netiquette is being practiced, and to restart the conversation as needed. Finally, faculty can take questions that the students ask individually and request that the students post them on the discussion board. In that way the instructor only has to respond once, and similar inquiries can then be referred to that response. This will eve ntually build a culture in the class where the instructor is not seen as the sole source for information, and the students learn to work with each other in solving problems. Additionally, instructors can create private forums to be used to divide students into groups for class exercises or for the use of asynchronous coordination of group projects in which group members cannot all meet at the same time. The instructor can visit these public and private forums to track group progress, to encourage students to help each other to solve problems, and to provide assistance as needed after the students have tried first on their own. In the private group forums, the students are encouraged to use the board to organize group meetings, to post their research findings, and to post drafts of their work for their group members to see and make comments. The professor can encourage individual group members to post their contributions to the paper to the private forum for the other members to see and post suggestions. This would increase group collaboration in a manner that can be documented. After the group has collaborated on a draft of the project, the instructor can offer suggestions. Finally, instructors should consider requiring the groups to post progress reports on their efforts periodically during the term. These progress reports describe what the group has accomplished, what the groups plans are, if there are any problems, and if there are, how they are being addressed. The instructor should provide guidelines as to what the groups should have accomplished by the progress report dates so the students can determine if they are on track. While these reports could be submitted on paper, doing it through the discussion board makes it easier for group members to be aware of what has been submitted. Chat Rooms. With chat rooms, students can meet electronically at the same time no matter where they are, as long as they have Internet access. Each group can have its own chat room, with the instructor joining in from home or office in one of several ways. The group can meet first and then have a designated time when the instructor logs in to answer questions. The instructor can leave when the questions are answered or give the group time to discuss among themselves and then check back later. For project work, it is important that instructors periodically meet with student groups to answer questions, address problems, and provide guidance. The chat room may be a useful tool in meeting with students out of class. The students can meet with the instructor for a practice chat to get the students comfortable with the technology. The instructor can request that the groups meet with him/her several times during the term to discuss their progress. These meetings can be either in the office during office hours or during designated chat office hours, such as on Sunday nights when the instructor is at home. With traditional classes, groups should have the option to meet in person with the professor, particularly early on in the project. For those students who cannot come during office hours, the chat room provides an excellent way to interact, although instructors may want to set clear boundaries or specific hours for when they are willing to meet in the chat room. When the instructor is meeting with groups via chat, patience is needed. It can be confusing when everyone is typing in questions. While the instructor prepares an answer to one question, several more students questions can appear. The instructor needs to make it clear that he/she will discuss questions in the order in which they appear. On the other hand, there may be times when the chat room is silent while the students are preparing their questions. The instructor may want to prompt to see if there are any other questions but should give the students some time if needed. Finally, no one should log off until everyone has finished. Someone may be in the middle of preparing something to post and the silence is seen as the end of the session, or someone may have left the room for a minute and has come back to find an empty chat room. Therefore, a practice chat session may be helpful with these issues. Grading Student Use of Discussion Boards and Chat Rooms Grading student responses in both the discussion forum and chat room can present challenges. Many times there may be a group grade for a project that is then adjusted for the individual students grade base on his/her contribution to the groups project. Additionally, students may be individually graded for their participation in the course. Some students will initially shy away from using the discussion board, as they would prefer to do things the way they always have and do not want to learn a new technology. Other students, particularly those who are too shy to speak up in class, may welcome this new opportunity. It is up to the instructor to provide the incentive to become involved. While a positive attitude may help the instructor in encouraging students, making posts part of their grade, such as a portion of their participation grade, probably ensures the best results. Instructor can grade the posting on several issues: clarity of thought/grammer, quality of comments/critical thinking, and usefulness/participation in responding to other posts. In evaluating the group projects to determine individual grades, instructors often have students submit group evaluations. The information on these evaluations can be substantiated or compared to what has occurred on the groups private discussion forum and what has been documented in the progress posts. If a group member is not contribution, it is the responsibility of the group to communicate this the instructor and to attempt to deal with the problem before the final project is submitted. The use of the discussion board and chat room can be a tremendous help in tracking a groups activities. This puts more responsibility on the students to document and address the issues before it is too late. It also aids instructors in making fairer assessments of individual efforts. To better manage the communication tools, instructors should set up clear guidelines for grading, such as describing how many new posts and response posts are required per week, as well as how often the students are expected to check the discussion board. For example, the professor may want each group to submit a bi-weekly progress report on its project. The instructor may also want to review netiquette as well as set limits as to how many posts students can make on public forums to avoid overwhelming the discussion board. The instructor needs to stress that it is the quality of the posts and not the quantity that counts and provide students with feedback to encourage its proper use. Finally, the instructor can also utilize student management tools that are included in the computing platforms like WebCT to determine when and how many posts the students are making. Additionally, search commands can be used to find all the posts one student has made in order to track an individual students progress. Conclusion Teamwork and group meetings are entrenched elements of an increasingly global environment. As a result, business faculty must prepare their students, as future managers, to collaborate with groups effectively. Electronic meeting tools, such as discussion boards and chat rooms, can play a key role in that training. These tools can enhance and empower student learning and collaboration as well as increase communication and problem solving skills. By collaborating more effectively in school, students will be better prepared to collaborate effectively in the workplace (Kaiser et al. , 2000). These tools also offer additional teaching benefits. They are very useful in documenting student effort and accountability for fair contribution. They also provide a means for faculty to be conveniently accessible and to provide feedback outside of class time. Additionally, electronic tools help students learn to develop their own resources. These tools then can be a tremendous aid for faculty to address group project problems, to help their students achieve learning goals, and to provide additional teaching opportunities to interact with their students. Thus, by using electronic discussion boards and chat rooms, such as with group projects, faculty can effectively enhance their students collaborative learning. References Bobbitt, L. M. , Inks, S. A. , Kemp, K. J. , Mayo, D. T. (2000). Integrating marketing courses to enhance team-based experiential learning. Journal of Marketing Education, 22(1), 15-24. Bruce, S. M. , Hwang, T. T. (2001). Web-based teacher preparation in visual impairment: Course development, teaching, learning and quality assurance. Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness, 95(10), 609-622. Buckenmyer, J. A. (2000). Using teams for class activities: Making course/classroom teams work. Journal of Education for Business, 76(2), 98-107. Cohen, G. (1993). New approaches to teams and teamwork. In J. R. Galbraith E. E. Lawler, III (Eds. ). Organizing for the future (pp. 194-226). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Colbeck, C. L. , Campbell, S. E. , Bjorklund, S. A. (2000, January/February). Grouping in the dark: What college students learn from group projects. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(1), 60-83. Cottell, P. G. Millis, B. (1993, Spring). Cooperative learning structures in the instruction of accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 8, 40-59. Gremler, D. D. , Hoffman, K. D. , Keaveney, S. M. , Wright, L. K. (2000). Experiential learning exercises in services marketing courses. Journal of Marketing Education, 22(1), 35-44. Jones, J. D. , Brickner, D. (1996). Implementation of cooperative learning in a large-enrollment basic mechanics class. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings [CD-Rom]. Kaiser, P. R. , Tuller, W. L, McKowen, D. (2000). Student team projects by Internet. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(4), 75-82. Maguire, S. , Edmondson, S. (2001). Student evaluation and assessment of group projects. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 25(2), 209-217. McNally, J. (1994). Working in groups and teams. In L. Thorley R. Gregory (Eds. ). Using group-based learning in higher education (pp. 113-120). London: Kogan Page. Michaelsen, L. K. (1992). Team learning: A comprehensive approach for harnessing the power of small groups in higher education. To Improve the Academy, 11, 107-122. Moore, M. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed. ). Theoretical principles of distance education (pp. 22-38). New York: Rutledge. Ravenscroft, S. P. (1997). In support of cooperative learning. Issues in Accounting Education, 12(1), 187-190. Reeves, T. (1996). Relevant readings. Technology in teacher education: From electronic tutor to cognitive tool. Action in Teacher Education, 27(4), 74-78. Thorley, L. , Gregory, R. (Eds. ) (1994). Using Group-based Learning in Higher Education. London: Kogan Page. Tullar, W. L. , Kaiser, P. R. , Balthazard, P. A. (1998). Group work and electronic meeting systems: From boardroom to classroom. Business Communication Quarterly, 61(4), 53-65. Address correspondence to Jacqueline K. Eastman, Department of Marketing/Economics, College of Business Administration, Valdosta State University, Valdosta GA 31698 (e-mail: [emailprotected] edu).

Work Injured Employees Essay -- Injury Accidents Labor Papers

Work Injured Employees Accidents happen all the time and can happen to anyone. When an accident happens on the job, the employee has rights concerning his or her care. Employees also have responsibilities when injured. This paper discusses what is considered on-the-job injuries of employees., the rights of these injured Second employees and the supervisors who must investigate the accidents that occur to cause them. Third, the responsibilities of both the employee and the supervisor when an accident occurs. There will also be sections on types of injuries that occur, and how to prevent them from happening. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is discussed and the actions taken by the agency. Finally, there are sections on discrimination of injured employees, and how to manage light duty personnel. If an employee who has an accident while on the clock at work becomes injured, it is considered an on-the-job injury. This can happen when at the facility where the employee works, while driving for the job, or in some other aspect where the employee is working for their organization. This also includes working at other sights where that organization is engaged in a common enterprise as the employees organization. Examples of such workers include contractors, and truck drivers. Employees, and managers have responsibilities when an employee is injured while working. When an employee is injured it is up to that employee to report the incident to the manager that is on duty at the time of the injury. Each organization has different policies on the exact handling of their employees and it is the responsibility of the managers to know what to do when an injury occurs. Each state has a set of regulations that empl... ...epetitive Injury; Opposition by GOP, Business Cited." 06/13/1995. P. D01. Squires, S. "Study Traces More Deaths to Working Than Driving; Using Wider Criteria, Researchers Find Job-Related Mortality Rate Is 10 Times Official Figure." The Washington Post. 08/31/1990. P. A07. Suplee, C. "House to Consider ‘Ergo Rider’ Restraints on OSHA." The Washington Post 07/11/1996. P. A04. Swoboda, F. "Repetitive Motion Injury Cases Soar." The Washington Post. 12/22/1994. P. B10. Szekely, P. "OSHA Urges Safey Steps At Riskiest Workplaces." The Washington Post. 04/27/1999. P. A15. Thompson, L. "Job Dissatisfaction Increases Likelihood of Back Injury." The Washington Post. 03/05/1991. P. Z05. Washington Post, The. "Odd Jobs." 12/29/1991. P. H02. Yang, J. E. "Rider on Repetitive Stress Injuries Defeated." The Washington Post. 07/12/1996. P.A20. Work Injured Employees Essay -- Injury Accidents Labor Papers Work Injured Employees Accidents happen all the time and can happen to anyone. When an accident happens on the job, the employee has rights concerning his or her care. Employees also have responsibilities when injured. This paper discusses what is considered on-the-job injuries of employees., the rights of these injured Second employees and the supervisors who must investigate the accidents that occur to cause them. Third, the responsibilities of both the employee and the supervisor when an accident occurs. There will also be sections on types of injuries that occur, and how to prevent them from happening. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is discussed and the actions taken by the agency. Finally, there are sections on discrimination of injured employees, and how to manage light duty personnel. If an employee who has an accident while on the clock at work becomes injured, it is considered an on-the-job injury. This can happen when at the facility where the employee works, while driving for the job, or in some other aspect where the employee is working for their organization. This also includes working at other sights where that organization is engaged in a common enterprise as the employees organization. Examples of such workers include contractors, and truck drivers. Employees, and managers have responsibilities when an employee is injured while working. When an employee is injured it is up to that employee to report the incident to the manager that is on duty at the time of the injury. Each organization has different policies on the exact handling of their employees and it is the responsibility of the managers to know what to do when an injury occurs. Each state has a set of regulations that empl... ...epetitive Injury; Opposition by GOP, Business Cited." 06/13/1995. P. D01. Squires, S. "Study Traces More Deaths to Working Than Driving; Using Wider Criteria, Researchers Find Job-Related Mortality Rate Is 10 Times Official Figure." The Washington Post. 08/31/1990. P. A07. Suplee, C. "House to Consider ‘Ergo Rider’ Restraints on OSHA." The Washington Post 07/11/1996. P. A04. Swoboda, F. "Repetitive Motion Injury Cases Soar." The Washington Post. 12/22/1994. P. B10. Szekely, P. "OSHA Urges Safey Steps At Riskiest Workplaces." The Washington Post. 04/27/1999. P. A15. Thompson, L. "Job Dissatisfaction Increases Likelihood of Back Injury." The Washington Post. 03/05/1991. P. Z05. Washington Post, The. "Odd Jobs." 12/29/1991. P. H02. Yang, J. E. "Rider on Repetitive Stress Injuries Defeated." The Washington Post. 07/12/1996. P.A20.

Republican Viewpoints on National Healthcare

Republican Views Towards Healthcare Reform From the Republican viewpoint, any form of nationalized or partially nationalized universal healthcare is unacceptable. Any public delivery system will limit ‘for profit’ free enterprise and thus violates our form of government. It will increase taxes and the overall cost of healthcare. Publicly delivered health care will cause the quality of care to go down by directly hindering the quantity of healthcare providers as well as the quality of care rendered by remaining healthcare providers. Republicans oppose a universal public health care delivery system primarily because of profit – free trade – constitutional issues, fiscal issues and quality of care issues. Further government meddling in the private practice of medicine and healthcare will be detrimental to many Americans. In the 1990’s, universal nationalized healthcare was proposed by the Clinton administration. The proposed law failed due to the fact that the Republican Party had gained control of the house and senate for the first time in over fifty years. During the 2008 presidential election, one of President Obama’s primary campaign promises was universal healthcare. The proposal has created a new national debate on the pros and cons of a universal healthcare system. Proposals from the House and Senate vary greatly and will have to be reconciled during the legislative reconciliation process. Interestingly, both parties favor some form of health care insurance reform but the concept of universal coverage offered through a single public payer or both private and public payer options has generated controversy. Republicans have adamantly opposed the public option because it alters the free enterprise ‘for profit’ healthcare system currently and traditionally in existence in the Untied States. The public option will radically alter the environment of the core constituency of the Republican Party. Looking at the constituency of the Republican Party, there are certain positions that the Republicans should put forward on the national healthcare debate to best represent the party’s core constituents. Traditionally, private practice physicians, ‘for profit’ hospitals and pharmaceutical manufacturers have been a core constituency of the Republican Party. The Huffington Post recently pointed out doctors’ traditional opposition to any form of expanded government health care or socialized medicine. â€Å"[The] AMA (American Medical Association) has fought almost every major effort at health care reform of the last 70 years. The group’s reputation on this matter is so notorious that historians pinpoint it with creating the ominous sounding phrase ‘socialized medicine’ in the early decades of the 1900s. The AMA used it to mean any kind of proposal that involved an increased role for the government in the health care system. (The Huffington Post) The American Medical Association has gone on record as opposing various provisions of the House’s current health care reform bill. Doctors, particularly private practice physicians, have long complained about any form of socialized medicine because they know it will substantially reduce the economic viability of the practice. Likewise, for-profit hospitals have a long history of opposing any form of socialized medicine. The American Hospital Association recently put out a formal statement on the house version of health care reform. Specifically, expanding the number of people in Medicaid program to 150 percent of the poverty level is problematic at a time when states are struggling with budget shortfalls and payment rates for hospitals continue to be cut. While a public option with negotiated rates for those above 150 percent of the poverty level is an improvement, we remain concerned that the program would still, in part, be based on historically low Medicare rates. † (Umbenstock) The American Hospital Association is concerned that any healthcare reform with an expanded public option may lower ‘already’ low payment rates. Moreover, the American Hospital Association is also concerned that payment rates under an expanded public option will be based on previously minimal Medicare rates. For this reason, for profit hospitals have long lobbied for and sided with the Republican Party knowing that their profitability and ability to compete will be eventually dissolved if the pending ‘public option’ is passed. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers have been a traditional core constituency of the Republican Party because of the Party’s past opposition to any form of nationalized or socialized medicine. The primary trade group for pharmaceutical manufacturers has also put forth a statement on the house health care reform bill. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of American (PhRMA) policy statement says: â€Å"The 1,990-page House draft bill, which we are currently reviewing, contains a number of problematic provisions for seniors, patients, and the continued development of new therapies that not only improve or save lives, but ultimately help reduce the burden of health care costs in America† (Johnson). Democrats have long vilified Pharmaceutical companies for their ‘for profit’ business practices and commercial interests. Thus, Pharmaceutical companies are one of the largest campaign donors to the Republican Party. Many portions of the currently proposed bill will dramatically limit their profit and therefore their ability to participate in and compete with new health care products. Universal health care is inconsistent with the traditional American private, for profit, free enterprise system based health care business model. From a physician’s perspective, a system of universal health care could be compared to indentured servitude. The government would be in complete control of whom the physician treats, what modalities they use to treat the patient, and how much they are paid. Moreover, for the individual health care worker, limiting or mandating the service contracts would limit the workers freedom to do business in a free market. The New England Journal of Medicine recently conducted a survey of physician views on new public insurance option and Medicare expansion. The survey was a statistically randomized sampling based on 5,157-physician questionnaire responses. The survey presented three methods of expanding coverage, including expanding the current public provider Medicare along with private options, private options only and public options only. Ninety-two percent of private practice physicians (practice owners) oppose socializing all health care into one single public option. Thirty-two percent of private practice physicians (practice owners) favor abolishing all public options which would presumably include Medicare. Over half of all of the physicians in the study favored expanding care through private options and the, â€Å"†¦ expansion of Medicare to include adults between the ages of 55 and 64 years† (Keyhani). The randomized physician survey demonstrates that physicians are extremely skeptical of any public option beyond expanding Medicare. Physicians fear a public option will reduce their personal income as well as their ability to recommend and deliver a full range of medical services. Physicians are well aware of the longstanding low Medicare reimbursement rates and limitations of coverage. Physicians do not want to see more of the same with a public option that will further lower the amount paid for care and limit the amount of care that the government will pay, despite a patient’s actual medical needs. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and ‘for profit’ hospitals also are strongly concerned that any public option beyond a slight expansion of Medicare will effectively put them out of business. PhRMA says that, â€Å"†¦the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has warned that the House bill †¦ would ultimately lead to a 20 percent increase in Part D premiums paid by beneficiaries. What’s more, according to CBO, imposing a mandatory rebate on Part D prescription drugs would reduce incentives to invest in the research and development of new discoveries for diseases†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Johnson) Simply put, pharmaceutical manufacturers will not invest if it is not profitable. For-profit hospitals are also concerned that a public option will ultimately translate to less coverage and lower reimbursement rates. The American Hospital Association, which has over 5000 member hospitals, has stated that the bill will further cut reimbursement rates. â€Å"AHA†) The current bill also specifically restricts physicians from owning hospitals and referring their office patients to their own hospitals. This directly affects their profit as well as raising free enterprise and trade issues. Historically and culturally, the United States health care system has been based on a ‘for profit’ private enterprise. The public option puts government in what has tradi tionally been a private ‘for profit’ enterprise. Just fifty years ago, Americans would have screamed communism at the concept of national socialized medicine. In 1961 when the idea of Medicare came along American Medical Association spoke out against it through Ronald Reagan. Reagan said: â€Å"One of the traditional methods of imposing state-ism or socialism on a people has been through medicine. It is very easy to disguise a medical program as a humanitarian project. Most people are reluctant to oppose anything that suggests medical care for people who possibly can’t afford it. † (The Huffington Post). Essentially, he was stating that the most common way of inflicting socialism is through a government run healthcare. Legally, restrictions that limit the free market may be interpreted as a violation of the constitution. The American Bar Association states, â€Å"Whatever President Obama and the Congress decide to do with health care reform, they must do within the constitutional limits off their respective branch – and our nation’s courts will ensure that those limits are respected† (Lamm). Although health care insurance companies are not subject to antitrust (monopoly) laws as state laws govern them, a ederal option, which is included with universal health care, may create unfair competition and violate anti trust laws as well as the commerce clause of the constitution. Interestingly, the proposed bill mandates that every American must pay a tax for ‘free’ health insurance even Americans that don’t want health insurance coverage. The Wall Street Journal says that, â€Å"the requirement in the plan laid out by Max Baucus, that every American have health in surance, makes current proposals unconstitutional. Not just unconstitutional, mind you, but profoundly unconstitutional† (Jones). Republicans must do all in their power to preserve constitutional rights that will be affected by a public healthcare option. The way that national health care is set up could be financially damaging if the bill, H. R. -676, were to be passed. As Avery Johnson states in the Wall street Journal, â€Å"TennCare runway costs show that the public health-insurance proposal by House Democrats could bankrupt the federal government. † (Johnson, â€Å"Tennessee†). Tennessee’s arranged a public insurance program that was similar to a statewide health care to insure those without insurance. It started in 1994 and by 2005 Tennessee was forced to shut the program down due to high expenses. Basically, Tennessee tried to have a statewide health insurance system similar to national health care and they went bankrupt. This is a reasonable model of what would happen on a more widespread scale. There are multiple financial reasons that cause a universal health care system to not work. To achieve the amount of money to make it possible to have a universal health care system there are many sacrifices that must be made. Payroll tax, which is a 7% social security tax that we pay when we buy something, will go up. Income tax will also go up dramatically, affecting many lives. In fact, there may have to be new taxes set into place just to be able to maintain the universal healthcare or the required payments will go down. This will in turn affect the doctors by decreasing incentive. Another factor that will affect their incentive is coverage benefits. Coverage benefits will be decreased as a result of universal healthcare. For example, insurance will not cover elective care treatments, such as breast augmentations, cosmetics, chiropractics, etc. Payment to the specialists, such as brain surgeons, heart surgeons, etc. , will be lowered dramatically. Progression in the field of medicine will dwindle due to a lack of money for clinical research. A physician to learn more about a procedure or to experiment usually does clinical research. It takes a lot of money and time and is not funded by the government; it comes from the physician’s pocket. If the physician’s pay lowers by so much they will not be able to do research. All of this will lead to a diminishing rate of medical progression that may ultimately come to an absolute halt. Furthermore the government will provide us, if the bill passes, with inexpensive generic drugs. This will cause the name brand companies to lose customers and money and will prevent them from developing any new prescription medicine. When funding inevitably runs low, rationing of people will begin to occur. Old people won’t get care because they are old, and smokers won’t get lung surgery because they are smokers. This rationing is unethical in many different ways but would be unavoidable. Even more unethical, is that insidious rationing, that happens in Canada, would come into play. Insidious rationing is ‘hidden rationing’ where, for example, a cancer patient would wait for treatment because they were about to die. The cancer patient would wait long enough that death occurred before the needed chemotherapy. Sadly, this often occurs in Canada, due to their system of universal health care. If this happens in the United States, it would be too late to take back the legislation. However, if properly informed, there would be less supporters of the health care bill because the general populace would be unwilling to commit to a plan that denied them needed coverage. Likewise, instituting torte form will partly generate expenses for this costly health plan. This is a lawsuit cap used in some other countries. If a drunken doctor accidentally cuts a healthy patient’s leg off, the doctor will only be able to be sued for a low set amount of money. This will save the government a minute amount of money that would be used to support everybody’s health care, while that patient would be handicapped forever without adequate compensation. Even so, Tim Foley has stated â€Å"the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office in 2004 conceded that the legislation for tort reform, even if it instituted a federal cap, would barely dent health care costs† (Foley). The cause and effect impact on health care worker profitability including nurse pay, private practice physician pay, for profit hospitals, for profit health care insuring systems, pharmaceutical companies and other health care workers and entities will be enormous. No doubt lawyers will litigate for years the constitutionality of various healthcare reform provisions. Another concern from the Republican viewpoint is the fiscal issue of how to pay for either universal health care or a public option. Simply put, where will the money come from to pay for healthcare particularly given the current economic crisis? Next, how will a universal public option effect access to care, quality of care and cost of care. As the financial aid towards funding universal health care bottoms out, the quality and accessibility of health care would go down. With government in control of health care and providing insurance for all they will have less money to spend on better quality hospitals. In the TennCare experiment it showed before and after pictures of the work places that were used. Hospitals had turned into rundown trailers barely big enough for an examination room with outdated computers and equipment. Lowering the Quality of facilities means the lowering of quality of care given to the patients thereby increasing the number of people who go to a doctor and are unable to receive quality treatment. Thus quality of life becomes worse, and one would hope proper treatment came quickly enough to evade more serious conditions and/or death. Access to patients is denied as the quality and quantity of health care providers is decreased by the inadequate organization and funding of a public option. One such thing noted about doctors faced with a decision to participate in a public option is that â€Å"†¦often the ones who care for our most vulnerable patients are the most severely impacted. In communities across this nation, physicians are faced with early retirement or leaving patients that need them. The bottom line: access to care is compromised. †(â€Å"AHA†). The Health Care Associations of America view this is as a topic of controversy that would indeed change lives greatly. Many associations including the American Hospital Association, American Heart Association, and even the American Bar Association have spoke out against health care reform including universal health care and a public option. In Conclusion, the Republican Party views the aspects of a system of universal healthcare from a cynical viewpoint. It seems that free healthcare is to good to be true and they say it is. Universal healthcare or a public option is unconstitutional by violation of the free enterprise system. With the economy in its current recession it is believed, by reforming ealthcare, the government will financially cripple the United States permanently. Also, almost like reverting back to a primitive state, quality of care and the access thereof could decline to unbearable standards. Now the republicans uphold the struggle against any bill passing through senate. Works Cited â€Å"AHA : Issues : Liability Reform. † American Hospital Association. American Hospital Associ ation, 15 Oct. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Foley, Tim. â€Å"Avoid Tort Reform in the Health Care Bill at All Costs! | Universal Health Care | Change. org. † Universal Health Care | Change. rg. 17 Mar. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 . â€Å"GOP Health Care Talking Points. † GOP. gov – The Website of Republicans in Congress. N. p. , 11 May 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Huffington Post, The. â€Å"American Medical Association Trying To Torpedo Health Care Reform Again. † http://www. huffingtonpost. com/. N. p. , 11 June 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. . Johnson, Ken. â€Å"PHRMA – PhRMA Statement on House Tri-Committee Health Reform Bill. † PHRMA – Home. N. p. , 14 July 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Jones, Ashby. † Is Health-Care Reform Unconstitutional (Part II) – Law Blog – WSJ. WSJ Blogs – WSJ. The Wall Street Journal, 18 Sept. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . JOHNSON, AVERY. â€Å"Tennessee Experiment's High Cost Fuels Health-Care Debate â €“ WSJ. com. † Business News & Financial News – The Wall Street Journal – WSJ. com. 17 Aug. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 . Keyhani, Salomeh , and Alex Federman. â€Å"NEJM — Doctors on Coverage — Physicians' Views on a New Public Insurance Option and Medicare Expansion. † The New England Journal of Medicine: Research & Review Articles on Diseases & Clinical Practice. N. p. , 1 Oct. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Lamm, Carolyn. Our Constitution, Debate it, Discuss it, Understand it. † ABAnow. N. p. , 16 Sept. 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2009. . McArdle, Megan. â€Å"Why I Oppose National Health Care – The Atlantic Business Channel. † The Atlantic Business Channel. 28 July 2009. 29 Oct. 2009 . â€Å"National health insurance – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 6 Oct. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 . Shear, Michael D.. â€Å"Obama Pushes Insurance Reforms – washingtonpost. com. † washingtonpost . com – nation, world, technology and Washington area news and headlines. 15 Aug. 2009. 8 Oct. 2009 . Umbenstock, Rich. â€Å"AHA : Press Release : AHA Statement on House Health Reform Proposal. † American Hospital Association. American Hospital Association, 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Time Magazine. â€Å"Medicine: Debate Over National Health Insurance – TIME. † Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews – TIME. com. 12 Oct. 1970. 28 Oct. 2009 . Wall Street Journal. â€Å"The Public Option Makes a Comeback – WSJ. com. † Business News & Financial News – The Wall Street Journal – WSJ. com. 22 Oct. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 .

Collaborative Fund-Raising Activit Essay

The Phoenix Homeless Agency (PHA) needs to increase funding to continue funding job counseling to qualifying recipients. While they regularly access traditional contracts and grants, the economy has increased the need for services immensely and required them to look for other sources. The Executive Director and Board of Directors have begun their search by using the internet, other agencies, and community networking. They have decided that there are three options that would yield revenue while also keeping costs under control so that they have money left over for their program; appealing to local government officials, contacting local businesses for donations, and holding a strong public donation campaign. First, by contacting local government officials the agency may access information about funding that is available to community agencies that are not related to federal or state traditional grants and contracts. These may include United Way, connections to people who may wish to donate, grants from large out-of the area businesses and foundations, or city donations to help people find work. They may also employ grant writers who may be able to help organization understand the locating and writing process to achieve better results. Second, local businesses are often feeling the pinch of the economy as hard as individuals. They understand that people need help and will donate products to be sold in exchange for tax donation credit. These donations could either be sold or used within the program; either raising money by their sale or saving the program money, respectively. Ultimately, the people they help may become their future employees and/or consumers; people remember who helped them when they were in dire straights. Auctions, in-kind trade of services, and door-to-door product sales may raise money which can be helpful in the continuation of the program with very little if any cost. Lastly, the option to run a strong donation drive within the community may be quite successful. This agency has been helping the local people for many years and many will wish to see it continue its work. At a time when support may be needed the most, communities tend to rally behind local agencies rather than donate to larger, more nationally-based organizations because they can see the way their money is being spent. Asking people for money is never a pleasant or easy task, but when the option is ceasing to exist, it must be done. Appealing to individuals helps pull the community together and provides much needed assistance to agencies.

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buy custom Heroic Types essay Oedipus is a tragic hero in every sense of the word. A very important element that designates Oedipus as a tragic hero is his attitude regarding fate. Instead of accepting what fate has decreed for him he goes against it by making personal decisions. The tragic hero usually brings upon himself his own tragedy by a refusal to accept what fate has decreed. The tragic hero is usually a slave of fate and his destiny and no amount of effort on their part can change this destiny (Knox, 133). Oedipus is a hero of the town of Thebes having saved them from disaster several times. He spends most of his time trying to escape his fate by moving around yet the reader knows that what the gods decreed about him killing his father and marrying his mother has already happened. Oedipus fits perfectly Aristotles definition of the tragic hero in that he possesses a tragic flaw in this instance Oedipuss refusal and pride in accepting his destiny. The tragic hero is not perfect which leads to his down fal l as demonstrated by Oedipuss fall into begging by refusing to accept his fate. The fatal flaw in the tragic hero is however not wholly blamed on the hero but also on the gods or fate and destiny (Sophocles, 278-97). Krapp in Krapps last tape embodies the definition of an anti hero almost to a fault. Krapps den usually refers to his absolute loneliness and spiritual darkness in which he lives. Krapp reviews tapes of his life something which he has been doing for the last thirty years (Fletcher, 138-56). Krapp fulfils the definition of an antihero in that no audience particularly seems to like the man. His indifference to the world around him and his state of being distracted creates an irritation in the audience. It almost seems as if Krapp is determined to avoid a heroic status by his actions. There are lements in the young Krapps life of which the audience may like and associate with a hero. A good example is the younger Krapps sacrifice of his life in order to become a writer. The unfolding of the tape however reveals a shift in this as the dream is not rtealized leaving us with a shell of a man who is bitter and angry with the world (Beckett, 59-60). The only remnants of the younger Krapps tr aits to be found in the wizened Krapp are negative ones such as addiction to bananas,alcohol and sexual activity. It can be said of Estragon and Vladimir as being the heroes of Waiting for Godot. However, a more fitting term for these two characters would be anti heroes since they posses little of the hero in what they do. Estragon is portrayed as a coward who experiences nightmares and this is compounded by his great fear of mystical persons who beat him up on a regular basis (Beckett, 345-54). Estragon is in great need of the guardianship and protection of Vladimir which he cannot live without. He even in one instance threw himself into the river only to be rescued by Vladimir. Vladimir portrays better intelligence and better alertness than Estragon since he has a better understanding of the situations facing the two men. Even though he is better than Estragon, Vladimir also comes across as a pitiable character that is helpless and feels that he has to wait for Godot for an indefinite period. Godot is expected by the two characters to change the situation of the two men but whether he will arr ive is in doubt. The two characters further enhance their anti hero status by their decision to hang themselves. According to Fletcher (219), Martin Esslins comments help us in assessing the heroic status of Vladimir and Estragon by the fact of the two characters embodying a sense of purposelessness which is a key element of absurd theatre. The two characters portray this by their senseless waiting for Godot whose coming is in doubt. They portray the feeling of senselessness which is increasingly a facet of human nature which Beckett is trying to portray. Just like the tragic hero was given prescribed criteria by Aristotle in the poetics, revenge hero usually fits a given set of criteria in order to be designated as such. A tragic hero must first of all be acting due to circumstances or forces which he has no control over. Secondly a tragic hero must be presented with a situation in which the authorities are unable or unwilling to satisfy the justice which is demanded by the revenge hero which makes the hero to take matter into his own hands in order to fulfill his cause of justice. The last criteria is that the hero has to come up with a scheme which is complicated and shrewd which he pursues in the fulfillment of his just cause (Jarrett, 458-63). In Hamlet, Claudius embodies the outside forces which Hamlet cannot control. Claudius robs Hamlet of his father and his throne. Hamlet establishes this but he lacks the shrewdness or impetus to plan for the act of punishment against Claudius. Hamlet is portrayed as quite the reluctant hero as he takes too long to react. He comes up with a cunning plan against Claudius which fulfills the third criteria. Hamlet goes ahead to hatch a cunning plan but only under duress and fear of punishment from his fathers spirit. Without the pressure put upon him by his fathers ghost it is unlikely that Hamlet would have been a revenge hero. Hamlet though fulfills Aristotles characteristics of a tragic hero in that he has a fatal flaw which leads to his downfall. Hamlet also fulfills the criteria as he is a man of noble standing and virtue who will not let justice to be left unfulfilled (Jarrett, 372) His downfall is due to an error in judgment which is as a result of his flaw which leads to him being poisoned. Hamlet may have been a solar hero had he been decisive enough. As the text portrays him as a reluctant hero Hamlet cannot be considered as a solar hero as what he does though standing out from the rest of the people is done under duress and pressure from his dead fathers spirit. Hamlet however acts as a kind of a savior hero as he is also in his quest to deliver his mother and the people of D enmark from a Claudius, tyrant and murderer of their king (Bloom and Shakespeare, 186-95). Hamlet is also a militant and aggressive character as we see from his killing of Claudius which would make him a good example of a phallic aggressive savior. In the theater of the future it would still be possible to have a tragic hero though the hero would be of a much diminished status and would not resonate well with audiences. Audiences of today are more attuned to theaters of the absurd and hence anti heroes are more likely to stir up emotions rather than tragic heroes. The hero of the future would thus be the person who embodies the current culture of purposelessness and senselessness of the theatre of the absurd. Aristotles definition of the tragic hero would thus be modified as to make the fall of the hero to be not of the heros making but to be due to the effects of the world around him which leads to act of escapism and senselessness. Buy custom Heroic Types essay

Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird

To Kill a Mocking Bird takes place in the 1930’s, right in the middle of the depression. It is set in a small town in Alabama called Maycomb. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism toward Negroes. The play focuses on one family, the Finches. In the family there are three people, Scout, Jem and Atticus. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a African American man in court (Tom Robinson), something that was not often done in the south due to racism. Many people feel threatened by this and feel very resentful toward Atticus. Throughout the play all the members of the Finches and many others display courage in their attempts to stand up for what they believe in. In the beginning of the play we meet Scout. Scout is an energetic little six year old. She still has her innocence and has not yet been able to understand why there is racial discrimination or hate. Scout gets mad when some of her classmates say things about her father, Atticus Finch. Many of her classmates call Atticus a nigger lover. Being only six Scout does not know how to handle her self so she gets into a lot of fights. On the day that Tom Robinson was moved to the Maycomb jail to await his trial, Atticus left the house to go and sit outside of the jail to watch over Tom to make sure that nothing happens to him. Scout, Jem and Dill followed him there to make sure that nothing happened to him. Suddenly several cars pulled up at the jail. A mob got out of the vehicles and demanded that Atticus step aside so that they could get at Tom. Frightened the children came running to Atticus' side and asked him if everything was okay. Atticus told them to go home, but they refused. Suddenly, Scout saw a man that she knew, Mr. Cunningham. She said hi to him, twice before he acknowledged her. She began asking him questions about his entailments and talking about Walter, his son. At first he said nothing, Scout was afraid that she had done somethin... Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird Harper Lee wrote an extraordinary novel, describing life and the way we are as people in society. Her book set an example for all people to learn off of. Lee’s novel that was fist published in 1960, was a huge success. The book was such a revolution it was later made into a movie. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, and the movie was accredited with an Academy Award for Gregory Peck as Best Male actor. The novel and the book were equally credited in awards and prizes. I think the book was the better of the two since it had greater detail and more influential characters. The novel ran a long and detailed version of the town, and the town’s people. The book gives an in depth looks at the town’s people’s views, and their ways. All the characters play an intricate part of a giant puzzle. This mosaic of people leads the town to be the way they are. In the movie, many of the characters are left out and if they do appear they have very small roles that are not as impacting as in the novel. The movie leaves out some other very important scenes. One of such is the scene where Scout and Dill leave the courthouse and begin talking to Dolphus Raymond. Scout learns that Mr. Raymond is not what the community makes him out to be He appears to be an alcoholic. He only fakes a drinking problem to elude the community into believing that is the reason for his ways. He now socializes with the black community. He does this to escape the whispers and rumors of the town’s people. In the town he was known for his wedding disaster. His fiancà ©e had committed suicide on their wedding day. He has not come to terms with this yet and cannot handle the stares of the People of Maycomb. Scout learns that people can over dramatize things. Another scene change from the movie to the novel occurs in the novels scene were Bob Ewell spits on Atticus. In the novel Atticus is leaving the post office when Bob approaches him and spits ... Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird Characters Jean Louise ‘Scout’ Finch She narrates the story describing her life between the ages of six and nine. She is a tomboy and well educated, mainly due to her father, and she has an optimistic view of the world and people around her. She lives with her widowed father, older brother and their black cook. Atticus Finch Scout’s father is a lawyer in Maycomb and is descended from a well-respected local family. He has had to raise his children alone and has instilled in them a strong sense of morality and fair play. During the 1930’s there were great problems between the races, and he was one of the few committed to attaining equality for both blacks and whites. He agrees to defend a local black man charged with rape which exposing himself and his family to anger from the white community. Jeremy Atticus ‘Jem’ Finch Scout’s brother is four years her senior, but is her constant playmate at the beginning of the story. Towards the end of the tale he moves into adolescence and is shaken badly by the evil and injustice, which he witnesses during the trial of Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson A black sharecropper who is accused of rape of a white woman, a member of the Ewell clan. Calpurnia The old family cook of the Finch family, she is a stern disciplinarian and provides a link between the white world of the children and her own black community. Arthur ‘Boo’ Radley A recluse who has never set foot outside his house for fifteen years who becomes a source of intrigue for the children, adding fuel to their fertile imaginations. He only appears once during the novel, but this is a crucial episode in the book. Charles Baker ‘Dill’ Harris He is the Finch children’s summer neighbor living with his aunt Miss Rachel Haverford. He is a diminutive boy oozing with confidence and an active imagination. He leads the other two in their games of make-believe and is preoccupied with finding out more about Boo Radley. Mi... Free Essays on To Kill A Mocking Bird To Kill a Mocking Bird takes place in the 1930’s, right in the middle of the depression. It is set in a small town in Alabama called Maycomb. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism toward Negroes. The play focuses on one family, the Finches. In the family there are three people, Scout, Jem and Atticus. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a African American man in court (Tom Robinson), something that was not often done in the south due to racism. Many people feel threatened by this and feel very resentful toward Atticus. Throughout the play all the members of the Finches and many others display courage in their attempts to stand up for what they believe in. In the beginning of the play we meet Scout. Scout is an energetic little six year old. She still has her innocence and has not yet been able to understand why there is racial discrimination or hate. Scout gets mad when some of her classmates say things about her father, Atticus Finch. Many of her classmates call Atticus a nigger lover. Being only six Scout does not know how to handle her self so she gets into a lot of fights. On the day that Tom Robinson was moved to the Maycomb jail to await his trial, Atticus left the house to go and sit outside of the jail to watch over Tom to make sure that nothing happens to him. Scout, Jem and Dill followed him there to make sure that nothing happened to him. Suddenly several cars pulled up at the jail. A mob got out of the vehicles and demanded that Atticus step aside so that they could get at Tom. Frightened the children came running to Atticus' side and asked him if everything was okay. Atticus told them to go home, but they refused. Suddenly, Scout saw a man that she knew, Mr. Cunningham. She said hi to him, twice before he acknowledged her. She began asking him questions about his entailments and talking about Walter, his son. At first he said nothing, Scout was afraid that she had done somethin...

MULLER Surname Meaning and Family History

MULLER Surname Meaning and Family History The Mà ¼ller last name is a German occupational surname for miller, from the Middle High German mà ¼lnà ¦re or mà ¼ller. MILLER is the English version of this common German surname. MÃÅ"LLER is the most common German surname, as well as the most common last name in Switzerland and in the French  dà ©partements of Bas-Rhin and Moselle. Muller or Mà ¼ller is  also the fifth most common surname in Austria. Surname Origin:  German Alternate Surname Spellings:  MUELLER, MOLLER, MUILLER, MUELER, MULER, MILLER, MOELLER Famous People with the Surname MÃÅ"LLER: Erwin Wilhelm Mà ¼ller - German physicist, the first person to experimentally observe atomsFilip Mà ¼ller - Holocaust survivor and author of Eyewitness Auschwitz - Three Years in the Gas ChambersWilly Mà ¼ller - inventor of the first automatic answering machineHermann Joseph Muller -  Ã‚  American  geneticist, educator, and  Nobel laureate Where is the MULLER Surname Most Common? The Muller surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is most prevalent in Switzerland (ranked 5th in the country), Luxembourg (2nd), France (37th), South Africa (38th), and Austria (39th). The Mueller spelling, on the other hand, is most prevalent in Germany, where it is the 10th most common surname. The Mueller spelling is also common in Switzerland (12th), in addition to the Muller variant. WorldNames PublicProfiler  also highlights the Muller surnames popularity in Switzerland and indicates that it is most common in Nordwestschweiz by more than double any other region. It is also fairly common in Espace Mittelland and Zentralschweiz in Switzerland, and Alsace and Lorraine in France. Genealogy Resources for the Surname MÃÅ"LLER, MUELLER and MULLER Common German Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to German surnames meanings and origins. The Mueller DNA ProjectThis DNA project connects individuals with the Mueller surname, or variants such as Muller,  who are interested in using DNA testing to help discover common Mà ¼ller ancestors. Muller Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Muller family crest or coat of arms for the Muller surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. MULLER Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Muller ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Muller ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - MULLER GenealogyExplore over 1.2  million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Muller surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MULLER Surname Mailing ListThe free mailing list for researchers of the Muller surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Muller  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Muller surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Muller Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Muller surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Muller SurnameExplore over 5.6 million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Muller surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Professional Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Application - Essay Example Various communication objectives were provided and the research analyzed the targeted market. The research provided the major selling ideas and also included the key benefits. Lastly, the researcher included a brief conclusion, which was a short summary of the research paper. Professional Application Introduction Steve Madden, which is a recognized footwear brand, faces challenges that need to be addressed in the integrated market communications (IMC) campaign. The choice of a product promotional blend requires an effective communication to the target market or audience; thus, it should be integrated well in the communications strategy since there are a number of techniques available in the market. Barger and Labrecque (2013) attempted to reveal the significance of integrated marketing communications as a marketing strategy for increasing organizational sales; hence implementing communication objectives is imperative. The paper has analyzed critical issues facing Steve Madden and rev ealed what needs to be addressed in the new campaign. Part 1: Background Analysis There are various critical issues facing the company, which need to be addressed in the IMC campaign. One of the main fascinating problems in many companies is the implementation of communication messages, which is poorly done by most marketers. Many companies fail to create an appealing message for advertising their products in the ever competitive business world; thus, they fail to achieve their business objectives effectively. Advertising is one of the effective business strategies for meeting the demanding needs of the targeted market and increasing the sales of the company. Thousands of companies have attempted to incorporate technology in the business process, such as the use of social media services such as Facebook, Twitter and many others; however, most of them have ended up failing due to poor communication messages. Hartley and Pickton (2000) argued that an integrated marketing communication requires a new way of thinking in order to achieve the demanding needs of the targeted customers. Therefore, the IMC campaign will address aspects such as the significance of developing an effective advertising strategy, need for defining advertising objectives, and setting advertising budgets in order to meet the demanding needs of the organisation efficiently. Another critical issue that faces the company and should be addressed in the IMC is competition. Competition is one of the major challenges impacting organizational performance in many industries across the globe. Among the major competitors of Steve Madden are Nike, Nine West and BCBG which also target diverse customers in the competitive market. However, the competition issue will be addressed and the audience will be informed about the ways of competing with their rivals in the competitive market. One of the effective ways of competing with the competitors is by using an effective pricing strategy, product promotion stra tegy, or differentiation strategy. Employing Porter’s five forces analysis that shapes the industry’s competition is vital because these forces can enable the company not only to determine their profitability but also achieve a competitive advantage. Lastly, the company also faces economic challenges due to the economic downturn of 2007 to 2008. The economic problem has contributed to increased rates of unemployment levels and the overall slow growth in the company; thus

Data Mining and Big Data Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Mining and Big Data - Assignment Example It is very essential to note that a deep scrutiny of real world commercial implementation of data, makes the International Business Machines (IBM) come out as one of organizations with a high quality ‘Big data’ hub. At this company’s ‘Big data’ hub, large volumes of information are handled, which are actually very hard to process in a traditional database. The data hub is composed is of data mining engines integrated to aid in easy handling of data. The integration of data mining in IBM has made very easy and fast for the company to manage and process data in its globally placed (using cloud technology) immense data warehouses. Thus, this makes it clear that although the data is large, it is realistically the simplest and easily tolerable data volumes in data mining. In this sense, I hereby agree that the term ‘Big data’ is actually an over-hyped buzzword for data mining. Microsoft Incorporation is one of the most successful software companies globally. Due to the large data volumes handled at the company, the subject of ‘Big data’ in the company has also been a subject of concern. At this company, issues related to ‘Big data’ have usually been experienced in scenarios where the organization’s traditional database system is exhausted with the ever-increasing data volumes. This includes operating system files, cache files, customer data and management information system data. However, through the adoption of data mining engines, Microsoft Incorporation has smoothly been handling all the large amounts of data that it shares globally with clients and partners. Therefore, this case study further makes me agree with the statement. Thirdly, Facebook Incorporation is a social network website that manages online communication for over a billion global users a month. These users share messages, photos, poking, placing status and storing personal data. In essence, the company handles very immense and

MANAGING PEOPLE IN RETAIL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MANAGING PEOPLE IN RETAIL - Essay Example If a specialist candidates is required, a job agency has the expertise to attract the right person; many also agencies specialize in the candidates they attract e.g. accountancy, haulage. Agencies take the worry out of the employment headache, and for the small business this can save a lot of time. But, unfortunately, they are unable to gauge the exact needs of each individual company. As the agency interviews all candidates, they cannot detect subtle personality requirements, which would help the candidate settle in. If the candidate is found to be unsuitable, this means more lost time. Finally, agencies also charge a fee; so if we are going to use an agency, check their fees, as they could prove quite expensive. Many Job Centres offer recruitment services for companies who use them to recruit. For example, many will offer a room to interview potential candidates; others will help to draw up a short list based on our job specification. Above all, this service is free. Needless to say, this will save a small business quite a lot of time and money when recruiting. This is an effective method as it reaches a large audience in a short space of time, often resulting in a significant amount of interest. We can also target an area or specialist profession, as there are a multitude of magazines and newspapers on offer to choose from. However, we may find that the more specialized or selective we become, the more we have to pay to the advertisement, so it can work out quite expensive. Additionally, if we want to attract the right candidate, we need to have some publishing skills to produce an attractive advertisement. We can of course use a specialist publishing company to design the right ad, but this will again cost us money. Our company is a modern fast growing young retail business. We have a wide net of hypermarkets. We have many branches of our business worldwide and have built up a good reputation within our field of trade. We are

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Law - Essay Example This paper will present issues related to which crimes terrorists can be charged with, how defendants who commit crimes in other countries can be charged in the United States, and how we can prevent terrorism both inside and outside the United States. The agencies of the federal government define terrorism in several different ways. This lack of consistency may raise difficult legal questions when the government starts investigating and processing terrorist suspects under different legal procedures than it applies to other The Justice Department’s Executive Office for United States Attorneys (EOUSA) defines domestic terrorism as involving matters where individuals or groups seek to further political goals wholly or in part through activities that involve force or the threat of force. The EOUSA defines international terrorism as a federal offense relating to international terrorism impacting United States interests.... Criminal trials have many procedural hurdles that guarantee a trial of many months. Appeals and petitions for habeas corpus can take years, and should the death sentence be given, the ACLU has shown how to delay execution for ten years or more through appeals and petitions. An open trial of that length, covered by the media, would be an ideal stage for an Osama bin Laden to spread his propaganda to all the Muslims in the world. Many Islamic governments would likely find that aroused mobs make it impossible to continue cooperating with the U.S. In open trials, our government would have to reveal much of our intelligence information, and the means by which it was gathered. In the trial of the bombers of our embassies in Africa, the prosecution had to reveal that American intelligence intercepted bin Laden's satellite phone calls. As soon as that testimony was published, Osama stopped using the satellite system and went silent. Disclosures in open court would inform not only Middle Eastern terrorists, but all the intelligence services of the world of out methods and sources. Trials before an international tribunal would have all of these defects and more. Picking the members of the court would be a diplomatic nightmare. It would be politically impossible to keep judges from Islamic countries off the court. In the past, international courts have often shown a pronounced anti-American bias. Our prosecutor would be helpless to avoid a propaganda circus and the disclosure of our intelligence capabilities and methods. In the end, convictions would be highly uncertain, but, if obtained, impassioned dissents and the martyrdom of the terrorists would be certain. We should be wary of international tribunals in

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example Such attacks would only be avoided by training staff on computer security and importance of keeping information confidential (Granger, 2002; Pietre-Cambacedes, 2011). Being an industrial spy, I would send emails to staff of Glassy Chemicals, a chemical company. These emails would be sent to plant software, such as Poisonlvy, used to attack 48 companies in China and Stuxnet targeted on Iran’s nuclear centrifuges as documented by Neef (2011). The message would entail psychologically tricking the recipient to install the software unknowingly, cited by Granger (2002) as a common way through which hackers accomplish their objectives. This software would tap trade secrets from the company and would be accessed by the cyber attacker. This could be avoided by installing firewalls and active antivirus software that would scan all attachments before opening (Knapp, 2009). In addition, the company should ensure that its security control limits software installation powers to system administrators

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Law - Essay Example This paper will present issues related to which crimes terrorists can be charged with, how defendants who commit crimes in other countries can be charged in the United States, and how we can prevent terrorism both inside and outside the United States. The agencies of the federal government define terrorism in several different ways. This lack of consistency may raise difficult legal questions when the government starts investigating and processing terrorist suspects under different legal procedures than it applies to other The Justice Department’s Executive Office for United States Attorneys (EOUSA) defines domestic terrorism as involving matters where individuals or groups seek to further political goals wholly or in part through activities that involve force or the threat of force. The EOUSA defines international terrorism as a federal offense relating to international terrorism impacting United States interests.... Criminal trials have many procedural hurdles that guarantee a trial of many months. Appeals and petitions for habeas corpus can take years, and should the death sentence be given, the ACLU has shown how to delay execution for ten years or more through appeals and petitions. An open trial of that length, covered by the media, would be an ideal stage for an Osama bin Laden to spread his propaganda to all the Muslims in the world. Many Islamic governments would likely find that aroused mobs make it impossible to continue cooperating with the U.S. In open trials, our government would have to reveal much of our intelligence information, and the means by which it was gathered. In the trial of the bombers of our embassies in Africa, the prosecution had to reveal that American intelligence intercepted bin Laden's satellite phone calls. As soon as that testimony was published, Osama stopped using the satellite system and went silent. Disclosures in open court would inform not only Middle Eastern terrorists, but all the intelligence services of the world of out methods and sources. Trials before an international tribunal would have all of these defects and more. Picking the members of the court would be a diplomatic nightmare. It would be politically impossible to keep judges from Islamic countries off the court. In the past, international courts have often shown a pronounced anti-American bias. Our prosecutor would be helpless to avoid a propaganda circus and the disclosure of our intelligence capabilities and methods. In the end, convictions would be highly uncertain, but, if obtained, impassioned dissents and the martyrdom of the terrorists would be certain. We should be wary of international tribunals in

Comparing the original Sherlock Holmes to the BBCs adaptation Essay

Comparing the original Sherlock Holmes to the BBCs adaptation - Essay Example Literary works produced in earlier years often tend to be adapted and reproduced to fit current lifestyles, especially if such works stirred great interest in their original formats. As such, books, novels, short stories among others can be reproduced in a different genre, for example in a film. The process of adapting and reproducing a literary work is often challenging and can lead to some degree of distortion of the original work. The distortion occurs when the producers, for example, try to fit a character to modern times and the probable scenarios that the character would play. Sherlock, the BBC’s adaptation of â€Å"The Complete Sherlock Holmes† continues to portray Dr. Watson and Sherlock as two males having a close non-sexual relationship just like the original piece. However, the BBC’s version is more daring towards creating doubt on the gender markers of Dr. Watson, by making it appear as if the latter is attracted to Sherlock. The frequent allusions by people that the two could be gay serve to create anxiety in the viewer concerning whether subsequent scenes will reveal that in deed Dr. Watson and Sherlock are romantically involved. However, this scenario does not happen and viewers are kept in anxiety over whether the series will end that way. Keeping the viewers in suspense over the sexual orientation of particularly Dr. Watson is good for interest retention, but the producers concentrate too much on making gay jokes that it almost becomes offensive for gay people and other GSM. A good percentage of the society has come to accep t the GSM and as such, it is not appropriate to keep on joking about such a sensitive matter.

Employee Relations Essay Example for Free

Employee Relations Essay Employee relations are one of human resources aspect which is mainly concerned with maintaining a cohesive relationship between the employer and the employee in workplace so as to have high morale and motivation amongst employees for satisfactory productivity in workplace. Discussions between the employer and the employee usually concentrate on issues of payment, work environment, disputes, grievances, health and safety, hours of work and production targets. Human nature can be simple, yet very complex thus an understanding and appreciation of this is an important factor for effective employee relations in workplace. For this to be achieved there has to be well defined rules and regulations pertaining as to how employees are to perform their duties, address personal issues, bargaining procedures, handle and resolve conflicts etc. each country has its own laws pertaining employment but there are also international laws that stipulates how legal rights and restrictions on working force and their organizations. The main objective of employee relations is to protect the interests, rights and privileges of the employees. This provides information relating to policies and procedures of performing duties and facilitates the resolution of problems and complains through investigation and mediation. There exist two main levels of communication where employees can air their views. Individual relationship allows employee to relate directly with the employer while collective relationship involves organizations or trade onions and the individual employer. When a dispute arises in any workplace, conciliation, mediation and arbitration are used to resolve disputes depending on the nature of the dispute. Individual disputes usually involves the employee directly with the employer while collective disputes occurs when a common disillusionments among the employees arise and representatives of the employees in form of trade unions are used to air the grievances to the employer. Representatives are legalizes groups who are concerned with employees rights and advocates for fair recognition in workplace. The common situation in most countries is that employment laws have been more effective in resolving individual disputes than collective disputes. This is evident since most of trade unions are finding it difficult to handle disputes in workplace especially in private sector where individual employment rights has expanded and there is change from bargaining based relation system towards more individualized and legalistic rights based system. Cases of strikes in workplaces have declined recently and individuals are pursuing employment grievances in the court. There has been shift to more individualized forms of negotiation at organization level with decline of wider bargaining arrangements has weakened the capacity of trade unions to perform their role as a collective negotiators. Theories and Practices in Workplace Employment laws arose due to the needs of workers of better conditions and rights to organize so that their issues and grievances could be heard and resolved amicably. This led to formation of administrative body to address the legal rights and restrictions between the working people and the organizations. They mediate relationship between employees, employer and the trade unions. There are laws which stipulate relationship between the trade unions and the employer and the relationship between the individuals and the employer. Collective employment laws are a tripartite relationship between the employer, employees and the trade unions for collective bargaining, provision of benefits and industrial action. Individual employment laws deals with people rights at work place. There are two theories relating to employment developed after Second World War namely: Dunlop Theory: it was based on labour relations systems. He realized workers representations as part of factors contributing to economic growth with two key aspects of the society as whole i. e. the interests of employee sand value of social justice. Theory also realized that unions can succeed only if essentially contribute to good management. They have functioned by making deals which are in long term interests of management as well as employees; in part they force management to act in its own interests. The employees’ responses are usually neglected and there is need for organizations to provide more security and more employee services. This would require policies of regulation and protection where employees are able to make more choices about jobs, personal development of skills and interests through sequences of jobs rather than letting single company to mould and shape an individual. Employees’ participation in defining the nature of work and decisions that affects it. This needs rapid responses where companies have found that top-down control is far too slow and inward looking for today circumstances. There is more acceptance of diversity to open up new opportunities and also lower the power of entrenched resistors. This situation will require an effective system of representation to balance differing interests what is needed is a system to deal with decentralized, flexible management to integrate semi- professional and knowledgeable employees to generate full support. Unitary and pluralism theories: For pluralist decision maker views an employee is a permanently external to the enterprise, as part of action situation while unitarist decision maker views an employee as internal to the enterprise, inherent part of the enterprise actor. The pluralist position implies that workers and the enterprise are in a position to make demands on each other to which is obliged to respond as long as these demands are in some kind of balance. The relationship between workers and managers is founded on agreement about this balance and not on any agreement about the inherent rightness or effectiveness of the demands themselves. The unitarist position assumes that every member of the enterprise, workers and the managers is a willing participant in social action such as the enterprise is defined by a common set of aims and values central to which is the goal of achieving the greatest possible success for collective prosperity. An enterprise established on the principles of moral superiority of craft work and on importance of a worker seeing a product through to completion thus unitarist approach implies that the employment relationship as the primary means of organizing enterprise involves the agreement that in the context of the enterprise, certain rights duties. For industrial approach, unitarism seems to offer two advantages. First is the prospect of an absolute maximization of effectiveness and second is the relationship which exists within the enterprise are of normative substance. Workers and managers are able to look upon each other as fellows rather than opponents forced into an uneasy and purely alliance. In managerial unitarism, the employment relationship is not just legitimate but authoritative, employee accepts that the direction of a manager embody the most effective possible means of realising the aims and values of the enterprise as a whole and since manager subscribes to this basic normative consensus, then compliance with those directions is not just a legal but a moral duty. Thus managerial right to worker compliance arise from normative consensus professional and competence of the manager. From pluralism, manager can be competent but consensus does not exist thus there is no automatic managerial right to worker compliance. The key to resolving the difference between unitarism and pluralism in employment relations is dialogue i. e. a discussive process by which a group of people attempts to reach consensus on both objective and normative aspects of the action situation. Well conducted dialogue will result in agreement on the aims, values and goals of the organization, division of labour which will best contribute the realization of goals. Pluralist collective bargaining is purely procedural and hence non-dialogical. Managerial unitarism is also non dialogical because agreement to managerial strategies, plans and instructions of the enterprise is assumed rather than secured. Management is conceived as a technical matter. Thus an alternative dialogical and non- dialogical employment relations systems needs to be developed. Trade unions which are committed and enthusiastic about issues of the employees without curtailing the managerial rights to decide what they see as necessary reform in employer- employee’s relations. The workplace setup is based on adequate understanding of employer- employee relationship. This requires the knowledge of relevant conditions on the intra-group level and also on the inter-group conditions that might tempt each group to take a certain type social orientation. The consequences of different combinations of justice and injustice for the individual are specified for the intensity of conflict between two parties. Individual disputes usually involves am employee and the employer regarding a personal issues which is be discussed between them while collective disputes affect the general interests of group of workers and deals with enforcement or interpretation of statutory regulation, collective bargaining agreement.