Biography of Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance Man

Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452–May 2, 1519) was an artist, humanist, scientist, philosopher, inventor, and naturalist during the Italian Renaissance. His genius, says his biographer Walter Isaacson, was his ability to marry observation with imagination and to apply that imagination to intellect and its universal nature. Fast Facts: Leonardo da Vinci Known For: Renaissance-era painter, inventor, naturalist, philosopher, and writerBorn: April 15, 1452 in Vinci in Tuscany, ItalyParents: Piero da Vinci and Caterina LippiDied:  May 2, 1519 in Cloux, FranceEducation: Formal training limited to abacus school in commercial math, an apprenticeship at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio; otherwise self-taught Early Life Leonardo da Vinci was born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, the only child of Piero da Vinci, a notary and eventually chancellor of Florence, and Caterina Lippi, an unmarried peasant girl. He is properly known as Leonardo rather than da Vinci, although that is a common form of his name today. Da Vinci means from Vinci and most people of the day who required a last name were given it based on their place of residence. Leonardo was illegitimate, which, according to biographer Isaacson, may well have assisted his skill and education. He was not required to go to formal school, and he passed his youth in experimentation and exploration, keeping careful notes in a series of journals that have survived. Piero was a well-to-do man, descended from at least two generations of important notaries, and he settled in the town of Florence. He married Albierra, the daughter of another notary, within eight months of Leonardos birth. Leonardo was raised in the da Vinci family home by his grandfather Antonio and his wife, along with Francesco, Pieros youngest brother only 15 years older than his nephew, Leonardo himself. Florence (1467–1482) In 1464, Albierra died in childbirth—she had no other children, and Piero brought Leonardo to live with him in Florence. There, Leonardo was exposed to the architecture and writings of the artists Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472); and it was there that his father got him an apprenticeship to the artist and engineer Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchios workshop was part art studio and part art shop, and Leonardo was exposed to a rigorous training program that included painting, sculpture, pottery, and metalworking. He learned the beauty of geometry and the mathematical harmony that art can leverage. He also learned chiarroscuro and developed the sfumato technique for which he would become famous. When his apprenticeship ended in 1472, Leonardo registered in the Florentine painters confraternity, the Compagnia di San Luca. Many of the works he did in Verocchios workshop were often completed by several of the students and/or the teacher, and it is clear that by the end of his tenure, Leonardo had surpassed his master. Verocchios workshop was sponsored by the duke of Florence, Lorenzo de Medici  (1469–1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. Some of the works painted by Leonardo in his 20s include the Annunciation and the Adoration of the Magi, and the portrait of Ginevra di Benci. Milan (1482–1499) When Leonardo turned 30, he was sent by Lorenzo on a diplomatic mission to bring a lute in the shape of a horses head that he himself had crafted to be given to Ludovico Sforza, the powerful duke of Milan. With him was Atalante Migliorotti (1466–1532), the first of his long-term companions who acted as a friend, assistant, secretary, and romantic partner. When Leonardo arrived in Milan, he sent a letter to Ludovico, a letter that was more or less a job application, laying out in detail the type of job he envisioned being useful to the duke: military and civil engineering. Instead, Leonardo ended up an impresario, producing elaborate pageants for the royal court such as the Masque of the Planets. He designed scenery and costumes and developed fantastic mechanical elements for the plays that would fly, descend, or animate for the audience. In this role, he was part court jester: he sang and played the lute, told stories and fables, played pranks. His friends described him as gentle and entertaining, handsome, precise, and generous, a valued and beloved companion. The Genius in the Notebook It was also during this period that Leonardo began keeping regular notebooks. More than 7,200 single pages exist today, estimated to be one-quarter of his total output. They are filled with expressions of sheer genius: flights of fancy, precognitive sketches of impossible technologies (scuba gear, flying machines, helicopters); careful, analytical anatomical studies of dissections he performed on humans and animals; and visual puns. In his notebooks and his canvases, he played with shadow and light, perspective, motion, and color. His drawings of humans at the time are fascinating: an old warrior with a nutcracker nose and an enormous chin; grotesquely old men and women; and a thin, muscular, curly-haired androgynous figure, the opposite avatar of the old warrior who would provide centuries of delight and speculation for art historians. Of course, he painted while he was in Milan: portraits included several of Ludovicos mistresses, The Lady with the Ermine and La Belle Ferronnià ¨re, and religious works such as Virgin of the Rocks and the astonishing Last Supper. He also made the famous drawing Vitruvian Man, the best of numerous attempts of the day to illustrate what the Roman architect Vitrivius (c. 80–15 BCE) meant when he said the layout of a temple should reflect the proportions of a human body. Leonardo ditched most of Vitrivius measurements and calculated his own ideal of perfection. In 1489, Leonardo finally earned the job he had wanted in 1482: he received an official court appointment, complete with rooms (albeit not at Ludovicos castle). His first commission was to make an immense sculpture of the duke of Milans father Francesco sitting on a horse. He made the model of clay and worked for years planning the casting, but never completed the bronze sculpture. In July 1490, he met the second companion of his life, Gian Giacomo Caprotti  da Oreno, known as Salai (1480–1524). By 1499, the duke of Milan was running out of money and no longer consistently paying Leonardo, and when Louis XII of France (1462–1515) invaded Milan, Ludovico fled the city. Leonardo stayed in Milan briefly—the French knew him and protected his studio from the mobs—but when he heard rumors that Ludovico was planning to return, he fled home to Florence. Italy and France (1500–1519) When Leonardo returned to Florence, he found the city still shaken from the after-effects of the brief and bloody rule of Savonarola (1452–1498), who in 1497 had led the Bonfire of the Vanities—the priest and his followers collected and burned thousands of objects such as artworks, books, cosmetics, dresses, mirrors, and musical instruments as forms of evil temptations. In 1498, Savonarola was hanged and burned in the public square. Leonardo was a different man when he returned: he dressed like a dandy, spending almost as much on clothing as he did on books. His first patron was the notorious military ruler Cesare Borgia (1475–1507), who conquered Florence in 1502: Borgia gave Leonardo a passport to travel wherever he needed, as his personal engineer and innovator. The job only lasted about eight months, but during that time Leonardo built a bridge supporting a garrison of troops out of a pile of lumber and nothing more. He also perfected the art of maps, drawing villages as they would be seen from the air, accurate, detailed birds-eye views of cities measured with a compass. He also established a friendship with Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527), who would base his classic The Prince on Borgia. By 1503, though, Borgia was running amok, requiring mass executions in the towns he occupied. At first, Leonardo seemed oblivious, but when Machiavelli left, so did Leonardo: back to Florence. In Florence, Leonardo and Machiavelli worked on an astonishing project: they planted to divert the Arno river from Pisa to Florence. The project got started, but the engineer changed the specs and it was a spectacular failure. Leonardo and Machiavelli also worked on a way to drain the Piombino Marshes: the movement and force of water was a fascination for Leonardo throughout his life, but the marsh project was also not completed. Michelangelo Artistically, Florence had a huge drawback: Leonardo had acquired a nemesis, Michelangelo. Twenty years younger, Michelangelo was a pious Christian convulsed by agony over his nature. The two artists communication devolved into a bitter feud. The two men were each commissioned to do battle scenes: hung in separate galleries, the paintings were depictions of frenzied faces, monstrous armor, and mad horses. Isaacson suggests that the upshot of the war of the battle scene was useful to both artists because they were now both luminaries, rather than interchangeable parts. From 1506–1516, Leonardo wandered back and forth between Rome and Milan; another one of his patrons was the Medici Pope Leo X (1475–1521). In 1506, Leonardo adopted Francesco Melzi, the 14-year-old son of a friend and civil engineer, as his heir. Between 1510 and 1511, Leonardo worked with anatomy professor Marcantonio della Torre, whose students dissected humans while Leonardo made 240 meticulous drawings and wrote 13,000 words of description—and probably more, but those are what survived. The professor died of the plague, ending the project before it could be published. And of course, he painted. His masterpieces during this period in his life include the Mona Lisa (La Gioconda); The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, and a series of images of Salai as St. John the Baptist and Bacchus. Death In 1516, Francis I of France commissioned Leonardo for another astounding, impossible task: design a town and palace complex for the royal court at Romorantin. Francis, arguably one of the best patrons Leonardo ever had, gave him the Chateau de Cloux (now the Clos Luce). Leonardo was by now an old man, but he was still productive—he made 16 drawings over the next three years, even if the city project was not completed—but he was visibly ill and had likely suffered a stroke. He died on May 2, 1519, at the Chateau. Sources Clark, Kenneth and Martin Kemp. Leonardo da Vinci: Revised Edition. London, Penguin Books, 1989.Isaacson, Walter. Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Simon Schuster, 2017.  Farago, Claire. Biography and Early Art Criticism of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.Nicholl, Charles. Leonardo da Vinci: Flights of the Mind. London, Penguin Books, 2005. Biography of Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452–May 2, 1519) was an artist, humanist, scientist, philosopher, inventor, and naturalist during the Italian Renaissance. His genius, says his biographer Walter Isaacson, was his ability to marry observation with imagination and to apply that imagination to intellect and its universal nature. Fast Facts: Leonardo da Vinci Known For: Renaissance-era painter, inventor, naturalist, philosopher, and writerBorn: April 15, 1452 in Vinci in Tuscany, ItalyParents: Piero da Vinci and Caterina LippiDied:  May 2, 1519 in Cloux, FranceEducation: Formal training limited to abacus school in commercial math, an apprenticeship at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio; otherwise self-taught Early Life Leonardo da Vinci was born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, the only child of Piero da Vinci, a notary and eventually chancellor of Florence, and Caterina Lippi, an unmarried peasant girl. He is properly known as Leonardo rather than da Vinci, although that is a common form of his name today. Da Vinci means from Vinci and most people of the day who required a last name were given it based on their place of residence. Leonardo was illegitimate, which, according to biographer Isaacson, may well have assisted his skill and education. He was not required to go to formal school, and he passed his youth in experimentation and exploration, keeping careful notes in a series of journals that have survived. Piero was a well-to-do man, descended from at least two generations of important notaries, and he settled in the town of Florence. He married Albierra, the daughter of another notary, within eight months of Leonardos birth. Leonardo was raised in the da Vinci family home by his grandfather Antonio and his wife, along with Francesco, Pieros youngest brother only 15 years older than his nephew, Leonardo himself. Florence (1467–1482) In 1464, Albierra died in childbirth—she had no other children, and Piero brought Leonardo to live with him in Florence. There, Leonardo was exposed to the architecture and writings of the artists Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472); and it was there that his father got him an apprenticeship to the artist and engineer Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchios workshop was part art studio and part art shop, and Leonardo was exposed to a rigorous training program that included painting, sculpture, pottery, and metalworking. He learned the beauty of geometry and the mathematical harmony that art can leverage. He also learned chiarroscuro and developed the sfumato technique for which he would become famous. When his apprenticeship ended in 1472, Leonardo registered in the Florentine painters confraternity, the Compagnia di San Luca. Many of the works he did in Verocchios workshop were often completed by several of the students and/or the teacher, and it is clear that by the end of his tenure, Leonardo had surpassed his master. Verocchios workshop was sponsored by the duke of Florence, Lorenzo de Medici  (1469–1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. Some of the works painted by Leonardo in his 20s include the Annunciation and the Adoration of the Magi, and the portrait of Ginevra di Benci. Milan (1482–1499) When Leonardo turned 30, he was sent by Lorenzo on a diplomatic mission to bring a lute in the shape of a horses head that he himself had crafted to be given to Ludovico Sforza, the powerful duke of Milan. With him was Atalante Migliorotti (1466–1532), the first of his long-term companions who acted as a friend, assistant, secretary, and romantic partner. When Leonardo arrived in Milan, he sent a letter to Ludovico, a letter that was more or less a job application, laying out in detail the type of job he envisioned being useful to the duke: military and civil engineering. Instead, Leonardo ended up an impresario, producing elaborate pageants for the royal court such as the Masque of the Planets. He designed scenery and costumes and developed fantastic mechanical elements for the plays that would fly, descend, or animate for the audience. In this role, he was part court jester: he sang and played the lute, told stories and fables, played pranks. His friends described him as gentle and entertaining, handsome, precise, and generous, a valued and beloved companion. The Genius in the Notebook It was also during this period that Leonardo began keeping regular notebooks. More than 7,200 single pages exist today, estimated to be one-quarter of his total output. They are filled with expressions of sheer genius: flights of fancy, precognitive sketches of impossible technologies (scuba gear, flying machines, helicopters); careful, analytical anatomical studies of dissections he performed on humans and animals; and visual puns. In his notebooks and his canvases, he played with shadow and light, perspective, motion, and color. His drawings of humans at the time are fascinating: an old warrior with a nutcracker nose and an enormous chin; grotesquely old men and women; and a thin, muscular, curly-haired androgynous figure, the opposite avatar of the old warrior who would provide centuries of delight and speculation for art historians. Of course, he painted while he was in Milan: portraits included several of Ludovicos mistresses, The Lady with the Ermine and La Belle Ferronnià ¨re, and religious works such as Virgin of the Rocks and the astonishing Last Supper. He also made the famous drawing Vitruvian Man, the best of numerous attempts of the day to illustrate what the Roman architect Vitrivius (c. 80–15 BCE) meant when he said the layout of a temple should reflect the proportions of a human body. Leonardo ditched most of Vitrivius measurements and calculated his own ideal of perfection. In 1489, Leonardo finally earned the job he had wanted in 1482: he received an official court appointment, complete with rooms (albeit not at Ludovicos castle). His first commission was to make an immense sculpture of the duke of Milans father Francesco sitting on a horse. He made the model of clay and worked for years planning the casting, but never completed the bronze sculpture. In July 1490, he met the second companion of his life, Gian Giacomo Caprotti  da Oreno, known as Salai (1480–1524). By 1499, the duke of Milan was running out of money and no longer consistently paying Leonardo, and when Louis XII of France (1462–1515) invaded Milan, Ludovico fled the city. Leonardo stayed in Milan briefly—the French knew him and protected his studio from the mobs—but when he heard rumors that Ludovico was planning to return, he fled home to Florence. Italy and France (1500–1519) When Leonardo returned to Florence, he found the city still shaken from the after-effects of the brief and bloody rule of Savonarola (1452–1498), who in 1497 had led the Bonfire of the Vanities—the priest and his followers collected and burned thousands of objects such as artworks, books, cosmetics, dresses, mirrors, and musical instruments as forms of evil temptations. In 1498, Savonarola was hanged and burned in the public square. Leonardo was a different man when he returned: he dressed like a dandy, spending almost as much on clothing as he did on books. His first patron was the notorious military ruler Cesare Borgia (1475–1507), who conquered Florence in 1502: Borgia gave Leonardo a passport to travel wherever he needed, as his personal engineer and innovator. The job only lasted about eight months, but during that time Leonardo built a bridge supporting a garrison of troops out of a pile of lumber and nothing more. He also perfected the art of maps, drawing villages as they would be seen from the air, accurate, detailed birds-eye views of cities measured with a compass. He also established a friendship with Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527), who would base his classic The Prince on Borgia. By 1503, though, Borgia was running amok, requiring mass executions in the towns he occupied. At first, Leonardo seemed oblivious, but when Machiavelli left, so did Leonardo: back to Florence. In Florence, Leonardo and Machiavelli worked on an astonishing project: they planted to divert the Arno river from Pisa to Florence. The project got started, but the engineer changed the specs and it was a spectacular failure. Leonardo and Machiavelli also worked on a way to drain the Piombino Marshes: the movement and force of water was a fascination for Leonardo throughout his life, but the marsh project was also not completed. Michelangelo Artistically, Florence had a huge drawback: Leonardo had acquired a nemesis, Michelangelo. Twenty years younger, Michelangelo was a pious Christian convulsed by agony over his nature. The two artists communication devolved into a bitter feud. The two men were each commissioned to do battle scenes: hung in separate galleries, the paintings were depictions of frenzied faces, monstrous armor, and mad horses. Isaacson suggests that the upshot of the war of the battle scene was useful to both artists because they were now both luminaries, rather than interchangeable parts. From 1506–1516, Leonardo wandered back and forth between Rome and Milan; another one of his patrons was the Medici Pope Leo X (1475–1521). In 1506, Leonardo adopted Francesco Melzi, the 14-year-old son of a friend and civil engineer, as his heir. Between 1510 and 1511, Leonardo worked with anatomy professor Marcantonio della Torre, whose students dissected humans while Leonardo made 240 meticulous drawings and wrote 13,000 words of description—and probably more, but those are what survived. The professor died of the plague, ending the project before it could be published. And of course, he painted. His masterpieces during this period in his life include the Mona Lisa (La Gioconda); The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, and a series of images of Salai as St. John the Baptist and Bacchus. Death In 1516, Francis I of France commissioned Leonardo for another astounding, impossible task: design a town and palace complex for the royal court at Romorantin. Francis, arguably one of the best patrons Leonardo ever had, gave him the Chateau de Cloux (now the Clos Luce). Leonardo was by now an old man, but he was still productive—he made 16 drawings over the next three years, even if the city project was not completed—but he was visibly ill and had likely suffered a stroke. He died on May 2, 1519, at the Chateau. Sources Clark, Kenneth and Martin Kemp. Leonardo da Vinci: Revised Edition. London, Penguin Books, 1989.Isaacson, Walter. Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Simon Schuster, 2017.  Farago, Claire. Biography and Early Art Criticism of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.Nicholl, Charles. Leonardo da Vinci: Flights of the Mind. London, Penguin Books, 2005.

A Long Way Gone - 3 Essay - 834 Words

A Long Way Gone Ishmael Beah had a really tough life throughout his childhood and teenage years. In his literary work, A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier, Ishmael Beah uses symbols to underscore his central theme of oppression and/or freedom. The three symbols he used to underscore his central theme of oppression and freedom was Ishmaels AK-47, his cassette tapes, and the drugs he used. Ishmaels AK-47 was the most important symbol that Ishmael Beah used to underscore his central theme. At the beginning of A Long Way Gone Ishmael was terrified of guns. He didnt want anything to do with them. But once he started in the war against the rebels, guns were there to comfort him. He didnt want to leave his†¦show more content†¦(Beah 15) The rap cassettes made him connect with his friends and family because they would all dance and sing to them. Ishmael would resort to music when he just wanted to think or even just relax. He would find security with his cassette tapes. When his cassette tapes were demolished he had finally lost control of himself. â€Å"A soldier took my old pants and threw them a blazing fire†¦. I ran toward the fire, but the cassettes had already started to melt† (Beah 110). That was when he finally had completed his change to a whole different person. Memorizing lyrics left me little time to think about what had happened in the war. (Beah, 163). Ishmael Beahs rap cassette tapes had a huge impact on his life and how he acted. Without them he was no longer himself, but a monster. The final thing that encapsulated Ishmael Beah that was a symbol in A Long Way Gone was drugs, which particularly were marijuana and cocaine. Drugs had change Ishmael into something he didnt want to be. Once he started on drugs he craved them more and more until he would finally do anything and everything to get them. Drugs made him want to kill others. 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Why Africa Can Prevent The Food Crisis - 871 Words

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Marketing Plan Form of Communication

Question: Identify the target customer or market you want to reach. Estimate the size of the target market, its key players, and expected long-term growth. Explain how you plan to position and communicate the product offering in the market based on data gathered by listening to and monitoring the target customer/market (what they say about your product, your competitors, and your industry). Examine the promotional strategy of your specific product. Identify and explain the metrics for measuring effectiveness of implementing the e-marketing strategy. Answer: Introduction Marketing is a form of communication between buyers and sellers. It also implies the transfer of ownership of products and services from one person to another; in order to satisfy customer. Each and every company have to set and design their marketing plans in a strategic way while considering the current market trends and ongoing customer demands (Ozkan, 2015). Every company whether it is small scale or large scale; it has three basic motives which includes sales maximization, profit maximization and customer satisfaction (Pavlou Stewart, 2015). In this report, the name of the company is taken as Procter and Gamble (PG). The company produces and manufactures varieties of products which generally include cosmetics, hair care, household, skin care, laundry garments, healthcare products and feminine hygiene. In this regard, the variance of cosmetics products has been duly considered. The name of the product is Head Shoulders Shampoo. Identification of target customers or market in case of Head Shoulders Shampoo The identification of target customers or market is totally based on the market and customer segmentation. The head and shoulders shampoo product have a huge range of target market (Weinstein, 2014). The company deals with the baby care products, health care, and personal care products related to each individual. The products have the following customer ranges: The company target on the middle up class customers. The core target of the organization is women and children. The core strength of the products delivered by PG is diversification of the brand portfolio (Bull et al., 2016). Except this, the research and development section related to the products provide competitiveness to the competitive market. Globally distributed business provides the strength while considering the popularity of products. The identification of target customers is totally based on market and customers segmentation. Estimation of the size of the target market, its key players and expected long term growth in Head Shoulders Shampoo Estimation of the size of the target market The estimation size of the target market is totally depends upon the market and customer segmentation. In case of PG Company, it generally includes defining the target customer, estimation of number of target customers, determination of penetration rates, calculation of potential market size and applying the size of market data. Based on the company fundamentals of PG the estimation of the target market is sorely depend upon the market and the customer satisfaction (Wilkinson, 2013). Currently, the PG Company is operating in 15 countries with an overall expansion of more than 50 products worldwide. The key target market of PG is India, US, Australia and Switzerland with a percentile of 25% simultaneously. Key Players of PG Company in Head Shoulders Shampoo The key players of PG are McDonald. The key stakeholders of PG are the employees, customers in the supply chain, government, investors and the suppliers. Expected long term growth of PG Company This paragraph shows the growth for selling the products in the organization. PG is the multinational company which meets all the demands of their customers. The company operates among different sectors of the world. The globe value of the shares of the company is 21% according to the 4Q12 (Leonidou et al., 2013). This graph shows that, the organization utilizes the most effective strategy for the development of the organization. This strategy is concerned with the long term benefits from the competitive policies used with the organizational work culture. This shows the competitive perspective of the organization towards the growth of the organization. Expected long term growth Figure 1: Quarterly Return of PG (Source: Mariani et al., 2014, pp- 70) Future Outcomes of PG Company in Head Shoulders Shampoo The long term growth of PG is expected to rise to 5% respectively (Bull et al., 2016). The company is taking broad initiatives for diversification where it is considered as one of the most crucial perspective. The company also leads itself among the other competitive companies. Explanation of planning the PG product (Head Shoulder shampoo) to position and communicate in the market based on data gathered by listening to and monitoring the target customer/market. Planning of company product in Head Shoulders Shampoo Based on the above scenario of PG product (Head and Shoulders shampoo), the planning is totally based on company launch event, strategic planning, operational product plan and social industry analyst. Strategic planning implies the needs and the necessity of the Head and Shoulders shampoo in the market segmentation. There are different types of company products based on different market criterion (Wilkinson, 2013). The company must ensure that the need of the customer based of specified products and according to them the company will make initialization. Planning of company product in case of Head and Shoulders shampoo is very essential as it has more than two competitors in an Indian and in US market. Generally, PG Company maintain and manipulate the strategic planning and the operational planning to make a certain demonstration and amendments in specified products. Customer view regarding the Head Shoulders Shampoo product It is very important to know the taste and preferences of customer. It is the duty of the company to make certain analysis and identification regarding the Head and Shoulders shampoo. There are normally six types of companies producing and manufacturing shampoo; and in that situation the PG must ensure and measure the customer needs and satisfaction. The customer are liking the PG products and its demand for Head and Shoulders shampoo has also increased to 15% simultaneously in Indian and US market (Rothaermel, 2015). The customers are buying the company products in all segments and are fully satisfied with the allotted products. Company competitors in Head Shoulders Shampoo The main competitors of PG are ITC, Estee Lauder, Clorox and Cadbury for all types of specified products. As the company deals with more than fifty products there are more than ten competitors prevailing all around the world (Slack, 2015). It becomes very tough for the company to maintain and manipulate the competitive rivalry at a glance. Explanation of promotional strategy of Head Shoulders Shampoo Promotional strategy This era is considered as the era of advertising of products and services. Promotion of the products and goods always need proper advertising tool and platform for bringing their products to the customers. Social media and internet are two crucial fields for advertising the products and services and to attract the customers by fulfilling their demands according to the ongoing trends and technologies. PG followed an effective promoting strategy in 2009 by advertising their products with the budget limit with 8.68 billion dollar. This step made the company the worlds one of the top consumer good provider (Bull et al., 2016). This advertisement was totally base on the social media. This made the products more popular and brings the products to the customers according to their demands within a certain limit. The company received Advertising Hall of Fame award around 2010 (Wilkinson, 2013). For the advertising purpose the company focuses on the internet advertising and internet marketing mediums to promote their products globally. These aspects make the customers more attractive while choosing their favorite products, goods and services and also make the product promotable (Xingang et al., 2013). Distribution channels in PG Company Distribution channel is totally related to the publicity of the products within the public. The PG is a world class brand and its brand value makes its products more attractive towards the customers. Social media plays a great role in this aspect. Social media is such a platform where the organizational goals and visions are transformed in to goal setting perspective for the organization or for the product and goods (Qiang et al., 2013). There are several options to the organization for making their products more popular. The advertisements available on televisions make the products more popular. Except this, there are several events where the advertisement of the products attracts the customers. Next if the consideration is on the application of the internet, then it is clear that several online activities and advertisement make the customer more attractive about the products and they are influenced by the advertisement and convinced for buying the product (Wilkinson, 2013). Competitive forces of PG Company Competitive forces are another crucial factor to be analyzed for the betterment of the organization and promoting the products of PG. The company is concerned with the providence of goods and services to their customers, for which the company is dependent on the third party and some of the stakeholders of the organization (Rothaermel, 2015). so there is a problem regarding the competitive forces. Except these issues, there is several organizations who are providing the same quality of products at lower prices. All of the products PG provides to their customers are highly competitive in the market. Identification and explanation of metrics for measuring effectiveness of implementing the E-marketing strategy There are several metrics, which can be utilized to analyze the developmental perspective of the Head Shoulders Shampoo and can also be measure the effectiveness of the compatibility of the PG with the ongoing demands of the customers (Qiang et al., 2013). The identification of target customers or market is totally based on the market and customer segmentation. The estimation size of the target market is totally depends upon the market and customer segmentation. This strategy is concerned with the long term benefits from the competitive policies used with the organizational work culture. This shows the competitive perspective of the organization towards the growth of the organization. As the company deals with more than fifty products there are more than ten competitors prevailing all around the world. This made the products more popular and brings the products to the customers according to their demands within a certain limit. Here some of the important metrics are discussed below for measuring the effectiveness which generally includes: Unique visitors: In this case the internet facility is very crucial. As the there is a system for measuring the number of visitors visiting the company website at a certain time space (Wilkinson, 2013). Here one visitor is counted for a single time. AS PG have good brand value, so their visitors at a certain time are huge, this indicates the high developmental perspective. Number of page views: The cumulative number of single page reviews defines that the viewer clicking on the pages within a certain period of time measures the popularity of the site, organization and products (Ozkan, 2015). PG comparatively measures the viewer within a certain time period. Bounce rate: This term defines the amount of customers who just visit the company site but does not click on any options available within the company websites (Rothaermel, 2015). The bounce rate less than 40 percent introduces the good position according to the rating perspective. Search engine Traffic: The amount of traffic is defined as the traffic or delay faced by the viewers when they visit the search option of the company websites. It attracts and motivates the customers very much (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). Conversion rate: The customer who takes specific action while visiting the site is considered as the consumers who are impressed by the content provided by the organization (Qiang et al., 2013). Inbound links: The numbers of internal links showing n the company websites are considered as the inbound links of the site. High quality inbound links provides the high quality of the organization. Conclusion This report concludes with the broad concept of relevant marketing cincepts related to PG Company. The above marketing plan clearly reflects and highlights that how the social media and internet facilities are improvising the operational strategies for promoting the PG products in a better way. The marketing plan combines of target market analysis, market segmentation of the market with the marketing strategies that must be implemented within the organization for the betterment of the organization and promotion of the products. There are several key metrics available for the development of the organization which is also described in this marketing plan, which shows the competitive advantage of the organization. References Bull, J. W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., ... Carter-Silk, E. (2016). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework.Ecosystem Services,17, 99-111. Home. 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